Principle of optical rotation
Natural light and polarized light Light is an electromagnetic wave and is a transverse wave, that is, the direction of vibration of such waves is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light. The white light of natural light is light that contains various wavelengths. When we observe a natural white light that is shot, if we can observe the vibration direction of the light, we will find that the vibration direction of the light wave is perpendicular to the direction of light propagation, and its vibration orientation is infinite. If all of the light in a beam vibrates in the same plane, the light is called plane polarized light.
Nikkor Prism and Planar Polarized Light When natural white light passes through a Nikkor prism (made of a pure calcium carbonate ore), the light can be split into two polarized lights. The polarized light emitted in the direction of the original light is called unusually polarized light (Fig. 1) and vibrates along the surface of the paper. The other is the reflected ordinary light, whose direction of vibration is perpendicular to the vibrating surface of unusual light. You can choose to apply black lacquer on the mirror surface to absorb the ordinary polarized light, leaving only the unusual polarized light that is emitted in the original direction. The unusually polarized light produced by natural white light through a Nikkor prism is composed of light waves of various wavelengths. When they pass through an optically active compound, the angle of rotation of the plane of polarization varies. It can be seen that polarized light from natural white light cannot be used for the measurement of optical rotation, and only a single wavelength of polarized light can be used. Generally, a 589 nm nano-light D-line is used, and a single-wavelength polarized light of a single wavelength is obtained by a Nikkor prism.
Determination of optical rotation The polarimeter consists of two Nikkor prisms. The first Nikkor prism is called a polarizer, and the yellow light passes through the polarizer and becomes polarized. The second Nikkor prism is called an analyzer and is parallel to the polarizer. In order to place the sample between the 2 mirrors, there is a little distance between them. When a non-optically active liquid is placed in the sample tube, the pointer points to zero and bright light is visible from the eyepiece. However, when an optically active liquid is placed, the eyepiece is black and the polarized light cannot pass through the analyzer. When the analyzer is rotated clockwise or counterclockwise by a certain angle, the light can be seen again from the eyepiece. At this time, the rotation angle of the analyzer is the optical rotation. If the analyzer is rotated X degrees clockwise to observe the light, the sample is said to be dextrorotatory, recorded as +X degrees. If it is rotated counterclockwise, it is called left-handedness and is recorded as -X degrees. If you can see the light in both clockwise X degrees and counterclockwise 180-X degrees, you will need to do another test. The first method is to change the length of the sample tube. The degree of optical rotation is proportional to the thickness of the liquid through which the polarized light passes. For example, when the sample tube length is 10 cm, the measured optical rotation is +10 degrees. When the tube length is 5 cm, the measured optical rotation is +5 degrees. It is then proved that the optical rotation of the sample is +10 degrees. If the optical rotation is -175 degrees from a 5 cm sample tube, the optical rotation measured when the sample tube is 10 cm is -350 degrees instead of +10 degrees. The second method is to dilute the first sample by a factor of 1 using a sample tube of the same length. If the measured optical rotation is +5 degrees. It turns out that the first result is +10 degrees. Because in general, the concentration of high optical rotation is also high, and the low concentration of optical rotation is also low. But there is no direct relationship between them, and the accuracy of this method is low.
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