High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of No-tillage and Seedling Casting with Rice Straw

The technique of no-tillage and straw-casting of rice straw in returning to the field means that when rice is harvested, rice straw is returned to the field, the weeding agent is used to kill field weeds, the rice seedling regeneration seedlings are suppressed, and the self-generated seedlings and the destroyed straw are controlled. Rice fields do not undergo any ploughing and ploughing, flooding fields and applying basal fertilizers, and carefully seeding the vigorously cultivated rice seedlings, and then field management to seize high-yielding rice cultivation techniques.
1. Treatment of rice straw returned to field and no-tillage rice fields
1.1 Selection of straw-reduced non-ploughing rice fields: Fields with adequate water sources, convenient irrigation and drainage, flat fields, deep plowing layers, and good water retention and fertility maintenance are ideal paddy fields for the implementation of straw-free returning and tillering techniques; low-lying, mountainous pits, In paddy fields such as cold soaking and slushing, if straw-returning and no-tillage techniques are used, it is required to open the ring field ditch and cross ditch; drought-prone and shallow leaching thin sandy paddy fields can only be obtained after the transformation of farmland infrastructure. application.
1.2. Rice Straw Treatment Techniques
1.2.1. Basic requirements for straw-returning and non-ploughing fields: Prepare rice fields that use straw-returning techniques for no-tillage and stubble-casting techniques, require the opening of drainage ditches, re-lighting in winter, and preventing the soaking of winter into a muddy field. Early harvest before harvesting 10 For 15 days, the water cut off the drying field, making the field dry and hard when harvesting early rice. This is a necessary condition to ease the labor intensity in the field and to facilitate field operations. It is also the most effective paddy field environment that ensures the effect of weeding and stubble removal, is beneficial to seedlings after rooting, and promotes good root development.
1.2.2 Techniques for returning straw to the field: When harvesting rice, the stubble is low, and the height of the alfalfa is required to be less than 15 cm; during the threshing, fine harvesting should be done to reduce the number of valleys, and there should be no spikes on the straw. Residues; hit the net of the straw - divided into two along the way to lay between the line, sticking to the mud and not overhead, back and forth through the field of labor stamped, returning straw that can basically close to the field.
1.3. Chemical weed killing technology and backwater flooding
1.3.1. Application period: The first application of the systemic broad-spectrum eradication herbicide for the first time on the day or the second day before the late rice was harvested in the early 20~25 days before the seedling was thrown; In the first 5 to 7 days of inspection, we must perform a second time for the incomplete death of weeds due to missed spraying or less spraying, or the emergence of more regenerating seedlings, falling field seedlings, and plots with poor killing of intractable weeds. Supplemental application, the second application - generally use contact killing broad-spectrum herbicides.
1.3.2. Drug dosage and precautions Dosage: Farmers Music 747: 4~5 packs (200~250g)/mu, and 5~6 packs (250~300g)/mu.
20% traceless: 250 grams/mu early, 350 grams/mu late.
Note: First, dilute the pharmaceutical agent with clean water, and use 60-75 kg of water per mu. Second, when the pesticide is applied, the surface of the field must be dry and dry; the third must be sprayer; the fourth is to maintain 3 to 5 after application. Tian Tian surface dry anhydrous layer, in order to ensure the desired effect of herbicide; Fifth, early cropping uniform field application to kill weeds, late spraying of rice blast suppression regeneration seedlings germination.
1.3.3. Backwater soaking in fields: General application 10 to 15 days after application and 3 to 5 days later to flood the fields. The effect of flooding the field is to soften the topsoil in rice fields so that the seedlings can take root and establish seedlings. Therefore, the minimum amount of water used for leaching is limited to wet straw and ensure that the soil is saturated and water-holding.
1.4. Treatment of Rice Blast Regeneration Seedlings, Fallen Valley Seedlings, and Recalcitrant Weeds Rice straw returned to field and no-tillage throwing rice fields, after chemical weeding treatment, returning to the field after soaking till throwing 10 days before, some fields may be long Out of a large number of regenerated rice and falling field seedlings, stubborn weeds thrive, affecting the growth of pod-building seedlings, causing outbreaks of pests and diseases, and severe fields can result in reduced yields.
1.4.1 Reasons: First, there is a layer of water on the surface when applying pesticides and it cannot be drained; on the other hand, the application method is poor or sprayed with a syringe; thirdly, it is washed by heavy rain for less than 6 hours after spraying or rained by heavy rain for 24 hours. And continuously submerged for more than two days; four is currently recommended for the use of the total herbicide dosage, is still at the end to kill stubborn weeds such as Sambucus, wire grass, goosegrass, etc. required dose.
1.4.2 Treatment methods: First, dry the field water after trenching; Secondly, use the sprayer to apply the pesticide on a line by line; Thirdly, find the plots of the regeneration rice and the Lokita valley seedlings more than 3 to 5 days before the dumping. After draining the field water, use a traceless 50 grams of water 15 kilograms, selective spraying to kill, spraying again after more than 24 hours after spraying. Fourthly, 10 days after the dumping, more fields of ratooning rice and falling field seedlings were discovered. The artificial extraction method was used to ensure the normal growth of the planting seedlings. The fifth was manual removal of stubborn weeds.
2. Incubate and grow young, vigorous and vigorous seedlings
2.1 Variety selection: There is no special requirement for the variety (combination) of the straw-returning and no-tillage seedling transplanting techniques. Hybrid high-quality rice with strong tillering ability, developed root system, thick stem and good lodging resistance can be used as the first choice; conventional high-quality rice is used. Appropriate increase in the use of species.
2.2 The determination of the sowing date: to ensure that the safety of the late-made to avoid the cold dew wind, the most sowing season in our county is made before March 1st, late July 5th.
2.3 nursery boring machine and plastic tray selection: early production should be used dry nursery boring machine, late production is to use semi-aquatic ramming machine training seedling planting seedlings. The technique of returning straw to straw and returning the field to no-tillage requires the use of a plastic tray with a large hole diameter. Currently, the use of a 353 holes/sheet tray is most suitable.
2.4 sowing seedlings: straw to return to the field of no-tillage and seedling transplanting seedlings and seedlings throwing seedlings method often similar to the cultivation of seedlings, rice seedlings by disinfectant soaking, germination to the thorax dew can be planted. Each mus of Honda uses 60 plates of 353 holes, about 15 square meters of boring machine and 1.0 kilogram of strong agent. The early drought-damaged boring-bed was not covered with permeable water, and the strong hoe agent was evenly applied and put into the retort; the late-built semi-water boring-bed was first used as a rough hoe, and the strong hoe agent was evenly applied. After smashing, the smashed nutrient slurry shall be leveled and the white-skinned rice shall be evenly sprinkled, and the mud shall be scraped off after it has fallen into the mud. Early construction cover film cold management, late cover film rain three days after the exposing. Seedlings can be thrown into Honda when they are younger than 3.5 to 4.0 leaves at early leaf stage and 4.0 to 4.5 at late stage.
3. Transplanting and transplanting
3.1 Projection period: Our county practice has proved that, within a suitable temperature range, timely early planting period is one of the measures for increasing the yield of no-tillage and straw-casting technology. Early planting was completed before March 1st. Seedlings were planted at 3.5 to 4.0 leaves or planted before April 1. Late planting was planted around July 5, and planting was conducted from July to July. I County straw also closed the no-tillage dumping season.
3.2 Planting Density: The planting density shall be determined comprehensively based on the characteristics of the variety, soil fertility, fertilization level and target yield. In my county's practice, the straw-reducing and straw-reducing technique was applied to the cultivation of a short and high-quality seedling, and the seedlings were planted in the normal throwing period. 16,000 tons, 1.7 to 18,000 tons of late-made; medium-grade fertility in early production of 1.6 to 18,000 tons, late-made 1.
8 to 20 thousand baht; inferior fertilization field, early production of 2.0 to 22,000 baht, and late construction of 2.2 to 24,000 baht.
4. Honda manages rice straw returning to paddy field with no-tillage and straw throwing. Because of straw protection, it has good water and fertilizer conservation functions. However, in order to prevent the straw from floating, it is not possible to immerse the soil in deep water, and it is required to keep it moist until the shallow water layer. The straw is in a semi-dry and semi-wet state. When the seedling is thrown, the seedlings are basically tilted or lie flat on the field, and a considerable number of seedlings land on the straw. Compared with the way of throwing stubble with permanent cultivation, the survival conditions of the seedlings are relatively poor, and the survival instincts can activate the potential strong resistance of rice. Take water management in shallow water ground irrigation and expose to light drying, apply early-stage reuse of fertilizer, suitable balance fertilizer, skillful tailing fertilizer, etc. to ensure sufficient supply of fertilizer and water, which can effectively promote early-onset hair roots and roots. It is thick and deep, with deep soil layers and wide distribution. The early stage of low-level tillering occurs with high seedling rate, thick stems, short thick leaves, and a high yield truss.
4.1 Moisture Management
4.1.1 Standing seedling stage: Within 5 to 7 days after the early stage seedling throwing, the rooting and seedling stage of the seedlings shall be established within 3 to 5 days after the late seedling throwing, and the shallow water layer shall be maintained on the basis of the wet straw layer. In order to facilitate the rooting of the seedlings early. In case of heavy rain, the water should be drained in time to prevent floating seedlings; if the seedling stage is deep water, it is easy to cause down seedlings and drift seedlings, which is unfavorable for the new roots to penetrate into the soil layer; The leaves are wilting, the roots grow slowly, and they cause dead seedlings when severe.
4.1.2 Tillering period: 5 to 7 days after throwing, the seedlings have taken root and established seedlings, generally maintaining a shallow layer of 3 to 4 cm. Before the seedlings reach the seedling stage, the thin water layer promotes the delivery of water and avoids deep water. According to the fertility characteristics of straw-returning, no-tillage and transplanting fields with good water holding capacity, well-developed seedling root systems, low tiller, early seedlings, and high spike rate, timely control of seedlings should be carried out, and the method of dew exposure should be adopted. .
4.1.3 from booting to heading flowering period: young panicle differentiation period should be promptly back to the water, pollen mother cell meiosis period should be filled with deep water to raise ear, prevent water shortage and drought. After the beginning of heading, the shallow water layer was maintained in the field, which promoted rapid heading and neatness and was conducive to pollination.
4.1.4 Filling and grain-filling period: During the grouting period, it is mainly moist, alternating between wet and dry until the yellow ripening period. 10 to 15 days before harvesting, the water is cut off and exposed to dryness, so that the field surface is cool and firm, so as to facilitate the field operation of straw returning to the harvest; in case of late production, water should not be cut off prematurely, so as not to affect the seed setting rate and the grain weight.
4.2 Fertilizer Application The amount of fertilizer and the method of fertilizing straw from straw-returning, no-tillage, and stubble-bearing rice fields are mainly based on rooting and erection to the beginning of tillering. The growth of seedlings and the decomposition of microorganisms that decompose the straw also require the absorption of nitrogen. The nitrogen absorbed by the microorganisms after the straw decays. Restore rice fields, and there are a large number of humus organic fertilizer supply late seedling growth and other characteristics and formulated, summed up as early application of heavy fertilizer in the early stage, suitable for the application of medium-term fertilizer, stable application of late fertilizer. - General medium fertility field, single target production 500 kg/mu can be fertilized as follows.
4.2.1 Early application of re-application of pre-phase fertilizer: The early-phase fertilizer refers to base fertilizer and tiller fertilizer, accounting for 70 to 75% of the total amount of total fertilization. The base fertilizer of straw-returning, no-tillage and transplanting rice fields should account for 50% of the total amount of total fertilization, and nitrogen should account for 60% of the total nitrogen application amount. 2 to 3 days before the dumping, the shallow water layer shall be reserved for drainage, and 35 to 40 kilograms of ammonium bicarbonate and superphosphate shall be used for each mu of paddy field, plus 5 kg of potassium chloride, and the mixture shall be uniformly applied as base fertilizer. After dumping, 5 to 7 days after the start of production, 4 to 5 days after the late planting, Qing Hui combined with chemical weeding to promote the use of urea and 5 kg of urea per hectare. After throwing oysters, 12 to 15 days of early construction, and 10 to 12 days of late cultivating fertilizer, each mus of rice field uses 5 to 7 kg of urea plus 7.5 kg of potassium chloride. In this way, we can achieve the goal of early birth, rapid delivery, multiple births, early enough seedlings.
4.2.2 Appropriate application of medium-term fertilizer: In the normal case, 20 to 25 days after casting, and 15 to 18 days later, the number of seedlings per acre of rice field can reach 180,000 seedlings, and this time can be suitable according to the length of field seedlings. Supplemental application of balanced fertilizer, urea and potassium chloride for each mu of 3 kg each, after the fertilization naturally drying exposed field. During the panicle differentiation period, the fetal fertilizer is applied to attack the fetal fat. As early as the 2 to 3 stages of young panicle differentiation, if the color of the leaves is uniform and the lighting conditions are good, 3 kg of urea and 5 kg of potassium chloride per mu are used; Young panicle differentiation 2 to 3 rice fields per mu with urea and potassium chloride 5 kilograms each, 5 grams per kilogram of urea when young spike differentiation. As early as if the seedling leaf color is not obvious, the rainy day or the poor light conditions of the rice fields, one should not apply fetal fertilizer, otherwise it will lead to adverse consequences.
4.2.3 Fertilizer at the late stage of application: Appropriate supplements at the late stage should be sprayed with roots. In the later stage of late cropping, if the light conditions are good, the population is moderate, and the leaf color is light, the paddy field can be applied to Xifeng Shi Zhuang tail fertilizer with 2-3 kg of urea per acre. When heading 20 to 30% of heading, every paddy rice field uses “9 0 2” 1 to 2 g water 60 kg sprayed to promote heading and trimming, and after late panicle filling to spray 7 to 7 days every 2 days to apply foliar nutrients. Increase the seed-setting rate and the thousand-grain weight.
4.3 Diseases and Insect Pests Prevention and control methods for rice straw returning to no-tillage and throwing glutinous rice still refer to the routine. The main targets are rice planthoppers, rice leaf roller, rice sheath blight, and rice blast disease, followed by borer pests such as Sanhuayu; the rice blast mosquitoes that were damaged before the middle of the night are devastating pests. Grasping the prevention and control of the period from the beginning of birth to the end of harvest, the late period of booting to the stage of breaking the large tire, the period of full heading to the early stage of grouting, and using high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides to control the occurrence of diseases and pests at the initial stage and prevent late stages. It is a big disaster. Late-stage prevention of invasive application of rice blast larvae at the sowing date, application of the grafted material before transplanting, and throwing by Honda after 15 days. When basal ferticide plus snails rush to kill snails. Before the typhoon came, it was applied to prevent fine strips, and fertilizer was applied within three days after the typhoon to prevent the occurrence of thin strip disease and bacterial blight.
After the rice straw was transplanted into the field for no-tillage cultivation and throwing rice cultivation, the variety of pests and diseases changed. How to make effective prevention and control measures to adapt to the change was still to be observed in the future.