Beef cattle breeding management technology

(1) Breeding and management of breeding cows The purpose of good breeding and management of breeding cows is to allow them to have a high rate of conception, live a lot of calves, and have normal estrus after calving, guaranteeing 100 cows and yaks to be healthy. Beef cattle (including reformed cattle and local cattle) have normal nutrition, 8-10 months of age, and poor nutrition is delayed. The average age is about 2 years old, and the body weight reaches 70% of the weight of the year cow. In addition, the cows have good nutritional status. The estrus cycle is 13-25 days, with an average of 21 days, and the gestation period is 270-285 days (months minus 3, plus day 6). We must adjust the feeding and management conditions according to the cows of different breeding periods.
1, to grasp the nutritional needs of each period. Before the breeding, feed should be prepared according to the standard, so that the cow is in normal estrus and conceived on time. During pregnancy, the need for protein, minerals and vitamins must be ensured. Especially during the second trimester (2-3 months before delivery), the fetus needs more nutrition. To ensure the nutrition of cows and guarantee the normal milk production for postpartum, otherwise, it will cause fetal dysplasia, even miscarriage and stillbirth. More serious cases are caused by postpartum paralysis of cows caused by calcium used as cow bones. Give plenty of nutrients to ensure that cows supply yak enough breast milk, otherwise it will affect the growth of calves and may affect the next breeding cycle.
2, strengthen management. To improve the health of livestock houses, feed and water should be used every time. Winter temperature should be kept above 6-8°C to strengthen exercise and enhance physical fitness. Ideally, pregnant cows should be kept separately from other cows for grazing, and in particular, they should prevent crowding and running, causing early abortions, paying attention to the temperature of drinking water, ensuring normal pregnancy, and ensuring safe calving.
(II) Feeding of beef yak and bred cattle
1. Feeding management of yaks. After the yak was born, there was no digestive juice in the stomach. It did not stimulate the secretion of gastric juice until the colostrum was eaten. At the same time, since the calf's stomach volume after birth was very small, the rumen was only about 1 litre at the time of birth and it reached about 40 liters in June. In addition, microbes that did not aid in digestion after the rumen had been born, because they touched food and drinking water, the microbes entered the rumen and proliferated, and 3-4 months before they had ciliated areas, helping the calves digest food. According to the above characteristics, it is important to grasp the process of feeding and management, and it is very important for the calf to eat colostrum within one hour after birth. This can stimulate the digestive juice in the stomach wall to absorb nutrients in a timely manner. Too long time will cause the milk containing antibodies. Ball eggs disappear, reducing calf immunity. At the same time, the timely consumption of colostrum also has the advantage of preventing the proliferation and diarrhea of ​​gut bacteria from the digestive tract. General meat yaks are naturally breast-feeding with the cows and weaned until around the age of six months. During this time, the yaks can eat enough milk. If the breast milk is not enough and there is no babysitter, artificial milk can be used instead. The artificial milk formula is 1000 ml of soya milk. 2 to 3 eggs, 15 ton of cod liver oil, 10 grams of salt, adequate sugar, heated to 38°C, and fed 4 to 6 times daily. In order to prevent the battle from being easy to manage, the yaks go off the horns 10 days after birth by fixing the yaks, cutting off the hair around the corners, applying some petrolatum, taking sticky caustic soda, rubbing it with water, and rubbing on the corners. Until the skin bleeds, after 10 days, the keratin base falls off and the horn is no longer protracted.
2, bred cattle management. When the broiler is 6-7 months old, it is necessary to focus on grasping the transition between the lactation period and the rearing period to prevent indigestion. By giving enough regular nutrition, the cows can be conceived on time and the bulls can enter the fattening process. In general, sports are not suitable for raising cattle, and they are free-ranged so that they can compete for food and increase feed intake.
(III) Feeding Management of Fattening Cattle
1. Cultivating cattle fattening refers to 18-24 months old beef cattle, which is fattened 3-4 months before slaughter. This is also called shelf beef fattening.
(1) First, choose a good cow, if you buy cows, generally about 20 days to restore the transition, reduce fatigue and stress, this period mainly to coarse materials, and make up 1 kg of fine material per day. When selecting cattle, it is best to choose Simmons, Limousin, Charolais and other improved hybrid cattle or black-and-white bulls.
(2) Before the fattening, drug repellents, anthelmintic drugs and albendazole, thiochlorophenol, etc. were administered according to the instructions, and then the tank was raised.
The first stage, the first week of raising, mainly used roughage, daily feeding 10-15 kilograms of ammoniated corn stover, 2.5-5 kilograms of distiller's grains, 0.5-1 kilograms of corn flour and 40 grams of salt. If indigestion, feed 20-30 tablets a day.
The second stage, for 7-40 days, feeds 5-10 kilograms of ammoniated corn stover, 5-10 kilograms of distiller's grains, 1-1.5 kilograms of cornmeal, 50 grams of urea, 40 grams of salt, 2-3 grams of complex vitamins per head and Trace elements. Since cows have a ruminant function, 50 grams of urea can be converted into 300 grams of bean cake by the body, but special attention should be paid to drinking water after feeding urea for 1.5 hours.
The third stage, for 40-70 days, feeds 0.35-7.5 kg of corn, 7.5-10 kg of lees, 1 kg of sunflower cake, 2 - 2.5 kg of cornmeal, 50 g of urea, 5 kg of corn flour, 40 g of salt, 2-3 Grams of vitamins and trace elements.
In the fourth stage, for 70-95 days, 0.35 kg of corn straw, 10 kg of lees, 1 kg of sunflower, 100 g of urea and 50 g of salt were fed and 30 tablets of yeast were given daily. If the calf has reached 90% at this stage and its mental state is good, it can be slaughtered. The entire feeding process should be based on the principle of “coarse first, secondly, firstly, then wetted, regularly quantified, less frequently added, and fed water”. At the same time, the status of cattle was checked once in the morning and afternoon, and problems were found to be dealt with promptly. This method is appropriate, the daily weight gain can reach more than 2 kilograms, and the economic benefit is considerable.
2. Measures to improve fattening effect (1) Do a good job of management of fattening cattle:
First, we must drive insects and stomach before fattening and do a good job of prevention and hygiene.
Second, the environment is quiet, reducing exercise and tying up to increase daily gain.
Third, pay attention to cold and heatstroke, in July and August should not be fattening.
(2) Pay attention to the rationality of diet:
First, dietary diversification, conditional addition of small amounts of carrots and other juicy ingredients, can increase straw, hay feed intake, and it is appropriate for cows’ health and weight gain.
Secondly, when the daily weight gain is more than 1 kg, the proportion of concentrates is more than 60%. Often feeding will cause rumen fermentation, chronic acidosis, light food reduction, severe liver abscess, etc., can be added to the diet Tat or oil, inhibit abnormal fermented rumen.
Third, winter and spring fattening, drinking water should be sufficient, the water temperature is not lower than 20 °C, can increase the daily weight gain of more than 10%.
(3) New technology for fattening:
In recent years, weight gain agents have been implanted at home and abroad to achieve an increase in weight gain. For example, a large animal produced by Beijing Agricultural University (Zea corn) has a better effect, increasing the weight gain by 15-20%. Implantation method, the first cattle fixed, with a sterile needle to bury the pill behind the ear, 2.5 cm away from the ear.

(D) Prevention and treatment of beef cattle disease
1, stomatitis. Main reason: due to rough grass, foreign materials, chemical damage, mechanical damage, or caused by pharyngitis. The main symptoms: sick cows do not want to eat, in particular, do not want to eat hot, cold, rough hard forage, mucous membranes mouth redness, swelling, runny nose, and even bad breath, ulceration, bleeding. Control methods: Mild stomatitis, can be washed with Levonorul or 0.1% potassium permanganate solution, if ulceration with exudate available 2% alum treatment, ulcers with iodine glycerin (1:5) smear, For systemic symptoms, antibiotics can be used.
2, before the stomach peristaltic relaxation. Etiology: Mainly due to sudden replacement of feed or excessive feeding of concentrates, long-term feeding of indigestible and deteriorated forage, and sometimes it can be caused by other diseases. Symptoms: Loss of appetite or abolishment, reduction or stop of rumination, weakening of rumen and bowel movements. Decreased feces and then thin after drying, dry nose, rumen sometimes dilated, according to post-pain. Prevention: The main prevention, such as the rational allocation of feed. After the onset of cattle disease should be stopped for 1-2 days, then give digestible feed, light can reduce the amount of feed. To promote rumen motility, use 5% sodium chloride and 5% calcium chloride (1 ml per kilogram body weight), add 2-3 grams of sodium benzoate caffeine, intravenous injection, for excitatory rumen motility, available neostigmine 20- 60 mg, subcutaneously; when it comes to secondary gastroenteritis, berberine can be given 1-2 g three times daily.
3, rumen plot food. The reason: overeat a large amount of crude fiber forage that is not easily digestible and hard to ruminate, eat a large amount of concentrate, or cause other diseases of the stomach. Symptoms: The appetite of cattle is not strong, ruminants, hernias are reduced or stopped, arches back, nuzzle, grinding teeth, shaking tail, lying down from time to time, from the abdominal wall press the rumen, was hard sandbag-like, with a sense of pain. When the patient is seriously ill, the breathing and heart rate is accelerated, the extremities tremble, lying in the ground, and even acidosis and deep breathing occur. Prevention: Prevent bulimia from cattle, prevent large amounts of feed concentrates, and should not feed simple, non-digestible forages, and feed them with other forages. If disease occurs, administer sodium sulfate (or magnesium sulphate) 500-1000 g (formulated 8-10% aqueous solution). Can also serve paraffin oil, castor oil and other laxatives. A large number of glucose, sodium chloride solution, 2-3 times a day, each 2000-4000 ml, on the basis of treatment, to the neostigmine Ming, hypertonic sodium chloride solution and other stimulants to promote rumen operation.
4, foot-and-mouth disease. Symptoms: Elevated body temperature, apathetic, closed mouth, runny nose, water cells or red ulcers on the skin of the oral cavity, between the toes, and the crown of the mouth. Severe hoof shells fall off. Prevention: Strengthen the prevention of epidemics, and regularly inject vaccines into areas that are frequently affected. The diseased cattle should be immediately reported to the relevant departments, blocked in the affected area, and strictly disinfected and cleaned up the livestock houses and sick animals. The disinfection should be sprayed with 1-2% sodium hydroxide solution to enhance the care of diseased animals and to feed easily digested congee and feed. Grass, and more water. For diseased cows, rinse your mouth with clean water, vinegar, alum (1-2%), potassium permanganate solution (0.1%) or boric acid. The ulceration site can be rubbed with Ganodiol or ice boron.

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