New Technology of Conservation Tillage Mechanization
2019-10-16 13:05:23
Conservation tillage technology is an advanced agricultural farming technique that implements no-tillage, less tillage, crop straw, and stubble cover on the farmland to reduce soil erosion, water erosion, and enhance soil fertility and drought resistance. After three decades of conservation tillage system trials in Shanxi and Hebei, China Agricultural University and China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and based on valuable experience, the Ministry of Agriculture established three demonstration areas for conservation tillage projects in the province in 2003. The area of ​​experiments and demonstrations reached 60,000 mu. Last year, in the demonstration project of agricultural machinery innovation in our province, the experimental research on conservation tillage technology has also yielded gratifying results, laying a solid foundation for the province’s next large-scale promotion. .
Current cropping pattern and conservation tillage technology The current main wheat and corn planting pattern in our province is:
Among them: No corn cultivation has been achieved.
From the above, it can be seen that the traditional planting mode requires more than a dozen operations, which not only increases the frequency of land acquisition due to complicated procedures, but also keeps the operating costs high and increases the burden on farmers.
Conservation tillage procedures:
Four key technologies for conservation tillage:
1 Straw cover technology: After harvest, leave the straw and residue on the surface to cover, which can reduce soil erosion and inhibit sand.
2 No-tillage Fertilization Seeding Techniques: Unlike traditional operations, conservation tillage requires the sowing of seeds and fertilizers in a field covered with straw, so a special no-tillage planter must be used.
3 Weeds and Diseases and Insect Pests Control Techniques: Under protective tillage conditions, weeds and pests are relatively easy to grow, and we must pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and weeds.
4 deep loose technology: Conservation tillage mainly depends on the crop roots and earthworms and other biological loose soil, according to the loose soil conditions, usually 2 to 3 years deep loose once.
Agronomic and Machinery Requirements for Conservation Tillage (1) Straw Crushing and Field Coverage
1. Wheat stalks are crushed and land is covered by 1 combined harvesting operation, and wheat harvesting and straw returning are completed at one time.
2 Wheat cutting height is generally about 150 mm. The height of stay should not be less than 250 mm. The cutting height can also be determined according to agronomic requirements.
3 The rate of straw cutting and crushing is above 90%, and evenly thrown on the surface, so that the straw can be returned to the field.
In the year of 4 years, two cropping areas of corn were interplanted, and after the harvest, the wheat straw covered the rows of maize and assisted in manual operations. The standard of maize seedlings was not covered by pressure.
In the live corn area, a combine harvester can be used to distribute stalk choppers to improve straw returning quality.
6 The cutting height is consistent, there is no missing cut, and the ground and ground are handled reasonably.
2. Corn harvesting and straw smashing and returning to field coverage 1 Combine harvesting with corn as much as possible, once complete corn harvesting and straw smashing and returning to field coverage;
2 Disperse evenly, without accumulation and strip-like accumulation.
3 straw coverage ≥ 30%; straw coverage should meet the normal sowing wheat no-till seeder.
4 If the amount of straw is too large or the surface is uneven, topsoil treatment measures such as shallow rotation and disk boring can be used.
5 straw chopped length should be ≤ 10 cm;
6Stalk chopping qualified rate ≥ 90%; Dispersion uneven rate ≤ 20%; Leakage rate ≤ 1.5%.
(b) No-tillage sowing
1, corn no-tillage sowing 1 seeding amount: Spring corn is generally 1.5 to 2 kg/mu; summer corn is generally 1.5 to 2.5 kg/mu.
2 sowing depth: generally controlled at 3 to 5 cm, sand and dry areas should be increased by 1 to 2 cm.
3 fertilization depth: generally 8 to 10 cm, fertilizer application, that is, 4 to 5 cm below the seed.
2, wheat no-tillage sowing 1 seeding amount: the sowing amount of winter wheat should be determined according to local conditions. General irrigated land 8 to 10 kg/mu, dry land 12 to 15 kg/mu.
2 sowing depth: generally 2 to 4 cm, should be uniform seed coverage, tight coverage.
3 Fertilization depth: 5 cm below the seed side.
(three) deep loose
1, according to different crops, different soil conditions for the corresponding deep loose operation, soil moisture content should be between 15% to 22%.
2, according to the soil conditions and equipment into the ground density, generally 2 to 4 years deep loose once.
3. Local deep pine 1 Inter-row deep loosening of maize: The deep loosening interval should be the same as the local corn planting distance, and must be repressed or covered after the operation; the deep pine depth is 23 to 30 cm; the working time is the seedling stage operation, and the corn should not be later than 5 leaf stage.
2 Before wheat sowing, deep pine: Before wheat is sown, it should be deep and loose. In order to ensure the depth and evenness of densely planted crops, deep-separation and loosening of the lower layer should be carried out by using a winged deep-separation machine; the deep loose pines should be separated by 40-60 cm; Depth 23 to 30 cm; deep loosening time before sowing.
4. Full depth deep loose depth 35 to 50 centimeters; deep loose time after the straw processing before sowing operation; loose and deep consistency in the operation, and may not have duplicate or loose phenomenon.
(4) Weeds, Pest Control
1, according to the object of prevention and pesticide characteristics of the symptomatic medication, choose high efficiency, low toxicity, low residue pesticide species and dosage forms.
2, according to the disease, insects, weeds, and the characteristics of environmental conditions suitable for the use of drugs to improve the efficacy of spraying.
3.Accurate medication according to the effective dosage, mainly including concentration, dosage, application times and so on.
4. Appropriate drug application methods and advanced and reliable pesticide application tools for pesticide application objectives and pesticide performance.
5. Take strict management measures, fully grasp the use of pesticide technology, try to avoid or reduce the occurrence of drug injury.
6, the agent is evenly mixed, the rate of re-spray spray is ≤ 5%.
In addition to the wheat and corn combine harvesters, straw returning machines, and small-scale spraying implements commonly used in the province, the key supporting implements for conservation tillage in Shandong are mainly no-tillage planters and deep-seated drillers. machine.
1, 2BMFS-5/10 no-tillage cover fertilizer planter can complete the operation of stalk, stubble, trenching, fertilization, sowing, and suppression. The machine is equipped with a rotary cutter in front of the opener. During the operation, the rotary cutter breaks the straw or root pods of the crop, or drives it away, and forms a seed bed on the sowing line.
2, 2BYF-3 type rotary maize seeding machine This machine adopts gravity to clear seeds, eliminating the need for the traditional seedmeter scraper, neither hurting the seeds nor clearing the seed with high precision. Performance is not limited by speed, and less leaks occur.
3. ISZ-360 vibration subsoiler This machine is a kind of agricultural implement matched with no-tillage seeder. Interval deep looseness can form a plough structure that coexists with each other, and the imaginary part is deep and impounded. The real part raises the water supply and breaks the plough bottom formed by long-term plowing, which is favorable for the infiltration of rainwater and the development of crop roots, and improves the permeability of the soil. , air permeability and soil pellet structure.
4. The 1S-5 deep-steamer machine consists of a frame, a plow column, a blade tip, and left and right side wings. The tip of the shovel is made of high-quality steel and fixedly connected to the pin shaft with a plough column for easy replacement and wear.
Several issues that need attention
1. Fertilization: Since the conservation tillage technology is implemented in no-tillage operation, the fertilization depends on the equipment while the sowing is in progress. The amount of fertilization has a certain limit, so the type of fertilization required must be a high concentration of granular compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer ( N, P, K effective content of more than 40%). The use of farmyard organic fertilizers can be applied before no-tillage sowing or concentrated in the frozen ground. It can prevent freezing and promote the rot of spring stalks.
2, enough to sow: no-till sowing wheat requires enough sowing. Traditionally sown wheat can be remedied by flooding with headwaters when there is insufficient moisture. However, when no-tillage sowing is adopted, since the trench is not yet collapsed after sowing, immediate pouring of the headwater will cause the downward slip and gully phenomenon of the ditch. The depth of seeds in the soil is deeper and varies in depth, which seriously affects Miao Qi and Miao Zhuang. The feasible method is to pre-irrigate the ground, and watering in the late stage of corn filling (about 15 days before harvest) not only increases the yield of corn, but also provides enough for no-tillage sowing of wheat.
3. Depth of sowing and sowing amount: Since the sowing mode of wheat adopted for conservation tillage is slashing, in addition to a large amount of straw covering on the ridge back, there is still a considerable amount of straw buried in the soil, which inevitably causes soil on the back of the ridge. It slipped into the ditch, which made the cover soil of some seeds deeper and affected the emergence. Therefore, the sowing amount should be increased by about 10% compared with the conventional sowing amount, and the shallow sowing should be appropriately overcome to overcome the slip of the ditch.
4, the prevention and treatment of pests and weeds. Compared with traditional farming, the use of straw mulching technology for conservation tillage has lost the effect of deep ploughing and disinfestation, making it difficult and more important to control pests and weeds. In order to strengthen prevention and control, we must pay attention to the forecast of pests and weeds and take necessary measures from the start of sowing. If no-tillage sowing seeds must be selected and tanned, seeded before sowing coating and according to the type of weed, using the corresponding herbicides.
Current cropping pattern and conservation tillage technology The current main wheat and corn planting pattern in our province is:
Among them: No corn cultivation has been achieved.
From the above, it can be seen that the traditional planting mode requires more than a dozen operations, which not only increases the frequency of land acquisition due to complicated procedures, but also keeps the operating costs high and increases the burden on farmers.
Conservation tillage procedures:
Four key technologies for conservation tillage:
1 Straw cover technology: After harvest, leave the straw and residue on the surface to cover, which can reduce soil erosion and inhibit sand.
2 No-tillage Fertilization Seeding Techniques: Unlike traditional operations, conservation tillage requires the sowing of seeds and fertilizers in a field covered with straw, so a special no-tillage planter must be used.
3 Weeds and Diseases and Insect Pests Control Techniques: Under protective tillage conditions, weeds and pests are relatively easy to grow, and we must pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and weeds.
4 deep loose technology: Conservation tillage mainly depends on the crop roots and earthworms and other biological loose soil, according to the loose soil conditions, usually 2 to 3 years deep loose once.
Agronomic and Machinery Requirements for Conservation Tillage (1) Straw Crushing and Field Coverage
1. Wheat stalks are crushed and land is covered by 1 combined harvesting operation, and wheat harvesting and straw returning are completed at one time.
2 Wheat cutting height is generally about 150 mm. The height of stay should not be less than 250 mm. The cutting height can also be determined according to agronomic requirements.
3 The rate of straw cutting and crushing is above 90%, and evenly thrown on the surface, so that the straw can be returned to the field.
In the year of 4 years, two cropping areas of corn were interplanted, and after the harvest, the wheat straw covered the rows of maize and assisted in manual operations. The standard of maize seedlings was not covered by pressure.
In the live corn area, a combine harvester can be used to distribute stalk choppers to improve straw returning quality.
6 The cutting height is consistent, there is no missing cut, and the ground and ground are handled reasonably.
2. Corn harvesting and straw smashing and returning to field coverage 1 Combine harvesting with corn as much as possible, once complete corn harvesting and straw smashing and returning to field coverage;
2 Disperse evenly, without accumulation and strip-like accumulation.
3 straw coverage ≥ 30%; straw coverage should meet the normal sowing wheat no-till seeder.
4 If the amount of straw is too large or the surface is uneven, topsoil treatment measures such as shallow rotation and disk boring can be used.
5 straw chopped length should be ≤ 10 cm;
6Stalk chopping qualified rate ≥ 90%; Dispersion uneven rate ≤ 20%; Leakage rate ≤ 1.5%.
(b) No-tillage sowing
1, corn no-tillage sowing 1 seeding amount: Spring corn is generally 1.5 to 2 kg/mu; summer corn is generally 1.5 to 2.5 kg/mu.
2 sowing depth: generally controlled at 3 to 5 cm, sand and dry areas should be increased by 1 to 2 cm.
3 fertilization depth: generally 8 to 10 cm, fertilizer application, that is, 4 to 5 cm below the seed.
2, wheat no-tillage sowing 1 seeding amount: the sowing amount of winter wheat should be determined according to local conditions. General irrigated land 8 to 10 kg/mu, dry land 12 to 15 kg/mu.
2 sowing depth: generally 2 to 4 cm, should be uniform seed coverage, tight coverage.
3 Fertilization depth: 5 cm below the seed side.
(three) deep loose
1, according to different crops, different soil conditions for the corresponding deep loose operation, soil moisture content should be between 15% to 22%.
2, according to the soil conditions and equipment into the ground density, generally 2 to 4 years deep loose once.
3. Local deep pine 1 Inter-row deep loosening of maize: The deep loosening interval should be the same as the local corn planting distance, and must be repressed or covered after the operation; the deep pine depth is 23 to 30 cm; the working time is the seedling stage operation, and the corn should not be later than 5 leaf stage.
2 Before wheat sowing, deep pine: Before wheat is sown, it should be deep and loose. In order to ensure the depth and evenness of densely planted crops, deep-separation and loosening of the lower layer should be carried out by using a winged deep-separation machine; the deep loose pines should be separated by 40-60 cm; Depth 23 to 30 cm; deep loosening time before sowing.
4. Full depth deep loose depth 35 to 50 centimeters; deep loose time after the straw processing before sowing operation; loose and deep consistency in the operation, and may not have duplicate or loose phenomenon.
(4) Weeds, Pest Control
1, according to the object of prevention and pesticide characteristics of the symptomatic medication, choose high efficiency, low toxicity, low residue pesticide species and dosage forms.
2, according to the disease, insects, weeds, and the characteristics of environmental conditions suitable for the use of drugs to improve the efficacy of spraying.
3.Accurate medication according to the effective dosage, mainly including concentration, dosage, application times and so on.
4. Appropriate drug application methods and advanced and reliable pesticide application tools for pesticide application objectives and pesticide performance.
5. Take strict management measures, fully grasp the use of pesticide technology, try to avoid or reduce the occurrence of drug injury.
6, the agent is evenly mixed, the rate of re-spray spray is ≤ 5%.
In addition to the wheat and corn combine harvesters, straw returning machines, and small-scale spraying implements commonly used in the province, the key supporting implements for conservation tillage in Shandong are mainly no-tillage planters and deep-seated drillers. machine.
1, 2BMFS-5/10 no-tillage cover fertilizer planter can complete the operation of stalk, stubble, trenching, fertilization, sowing, and suppression. The machine is equipped with a rotary cutter in front of the opener. During the operation, the rotary cutter breaks the straw or root pods of the crop, or drives it away, and forms a seed bed on the sowing line.
2, 2BYF-3 type rotary maize seeding machine This machine adopts gravity to clear seeds, eliminating the need for the traditional seedmeter scraper, neither hurting the seeds nor clearing the seed with high precision. Performance is not limited by speed, and less leaks occur.
3. ISZ-360 vibration subsoiler This machine is a kind of agricultural implement matched with no-tillage seeder. Interval deep looseness can form a plough structure that coexists with each other, and the imaginary part is deep and impounded. The real part raises the water supply and breaks the plough bottom formed by long-term plowing, which is favorable for the infiltration of rainwater and the development of crop roots, and improves the permeability of the soil. , air permeability and soil pellet structure.
4. The 1S-5 deep-steamer machine consists of a frame, a plow column, a blade tip, and left and right side wings. The tip of the shovel is made of high-quality steel and fixedly connected to the pin shaft with a plough column for easy replacement and wear.
Several issues that need attention
1. Fertilization: Since the conservation tillage technology is implemented in no-tillage operation, the fertilization depends on the equipment while the sowing is in progress. The amount of fertilization has a certain limit, so the type of fertilization required must be a high concentration of granular compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer ( N, P, K effective content of more than 40%). The use of farmyard organic fertilizers can be applied before no-tillage sowing or concentrated in the frozen ground. It can prevent freezing and promote the rot of spring stalks.
2, enough to sow: no-till sowing wheat requires enough sowing. Traditionally sown wheat can be remedied by flooding with headwaters when there is insufficient moisture. However, when no-tillage sowing is adopted, since the trench is not yet collapsed after sowing, immediate pouring of the headwater will cause the downward slip and gully phenomenon of the ditch. The depth of seeds in the soil is deeper and varies in depth, which seriously affects Miao Qi and Miao Zhuang. The feasible method is to pre-irrigate the ground, and watering in the late stage of corn filling (about 15 days before harvest) not only increases the yield of corn, but also provides enough for no-tillage sowing of wheat.
3. Depth of sowing and sowing amount: Since the sowing mode of wheat adopted for conservation tillage is slashing, in addition to a large amount of straw covering on the ridge back, there is still a considerable amount of straw buried in the soil, which inevitably causes soil on the back of the ridge. It slipped into the ditch, which made the cover soil of some seeds deeper and affected the emergence. Therefore, the sowing amount should be increased by about 10% compared with the conventional sowing amount, and the shallow sowing should be appropriately overcome to overcome the slip of the ditch.
4, the prevention and treatment of pests and weeds. Compared with traditional farming, the use of straw mulching technology for conservation tillage has lost the effect of deep ploughing and disinfestation, making it difficult and more important to control pests and weeds. In order to strengthen prevention and control, we must pay attention to the forecast of pests and weeds and take necessary measures from the start of sowing. If no-tillage sowing seeds must be selected and tanned, seeded before sowing coating and according to the type of weed, using the corresponding herbicides.
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