Hefei's artificial breeding and management
2019-09-06 10:05:38
The pearl produced by Hefei is a precious jewelry and medicinal material, and it is also an important material for export. Choose bright and shiny, good shape pearls can be made into a variety of decorations, ordinary pearls can be processed into medicinal herbs. Therefore, the artificial cultivation of pearls with river rafts has a high economic value.
1, the method of artificial breeding pearls
1.1 Breeding of pearls and raising of breeding pearls The selection of the first healthy pearl beads, good luster, large numbers, and robust individuals with a breeding period of 1.5 to 2 years. Before the operation, the cultured larvae were inspected one by one, and then the bamboo vines, axe, etc. were first set aside with bamboo, and then the beads were gently touched with the head of the bamboo to analyze the growth. All red pearls, head beads, hollow beads, and shell beads, which account for about 60%, should not be used as recycled bead culture. At present, the oysters of the oyster-fed oysters are mainly the spinnaker bream and pleated crown (crest). Spinnaker oysters have good quality and high quality, but their adaptability and disease resistance are poorer than those of chicken cocks and their mortality rate is high. At the time of the election, a younger, younger, and healthier, disease-free pheasant was required. For the production of crickets, should choose 2 to 3 years of age (shell length> 10cm) is appropriate. It is best to choose 2 to 4 years old. The production crickets and oyster cultures cannot generally differ by two ages (the best of the same age). Outsourcing is not allowed until after more than one month of temporary maintenance. In order to prevent the spread of rickets, self-promotion, self-education and personal use are advocated.
1.2 Timely beading The water temperature can be implanted at 10 to 30°C. The water temperature is 15 to 20°C in spring and autumn. Because of the implantation of beads at this time, the body's metabolism is strong, and the ability to secrete nacre is strong, the wounds heal quickly, and the light that forms the beads is of good quality. Therefore, the general genitalia is in March-April and September-December, and the cockscomb is suitable for surgery in May-July and September-October. Planting beads should avoid the ovulation period of the cockroaches. Fertility culturing should be carried out 1 to 2 months before surgery.
1.3 surgical tools
(1) A tool for opening a shell knife, usually a medical scissors, two forceps, a slicing knife, an anatomical disk, 6cm wide, 20cm long glass plate, several sponges, cups, pots, One dropper and one wooden surgical frame. (2) The implant tool has one opener, several plugs, and one dial plate (made of bamboo or stainless steel, about 20 cm in length and tongue-shaped at one or both ends). In addition, a small hook open needle and a delivery needle are needed. (3) Cultivating tools Drills, cages, bamboos, sticks made of wooden shelves, boats or tubs, brushes, plastic ropes, etc.
1.4 Grafting operations The key to obtaining high-quality, high-yield pearls is to perform graft surgery. Attention should be paid to the following issues:
(1) The general grafting season is mainly from March to May, supplemented from September to October, and the water temperature is 15～20°C.
(2) Preparation of Hemorrhoids before surgery Remove the hanging pearls from the bamboo frame before surgery. Wash the dirt outside the shell and discharge it into the concrete pool or basin. When venting, raise the ventral edge of the nymphs and allow them to open naturally. In this way, mechanical damage can be reduced when opening the shell plug.
(3) The cutting knife is inserted into the iliac crest from the anterior and posterior ends of the iliac crest, cutting the front and rear adductor muscles and the telescoping foot muscles, and then cutting the junction between the two mantle membranes and the visceral mass with a knife, so that the left and right cuffs are complete. Attached to two pieces of clam shell. At this time, use clean water to clean dirt from the shell, viscera mass, and mantle. Due to the thick edge of the mantle, the inner skin must be removed before it can be used. That is, near the marginal adductor muscle or the posterior adductor muscle, cut a small mouth with a knife or tweezers, and then use a foot with an obtuse angle to insert the connective tissue between the inner and outer epidermis. When inserting, it should be as far as possible to the side of the epidermis, and the other hand should hold the inner skin with tweezers. When the two hands collaborate, they will extend into the edge and separate the outer and inner skins of the peripheral membrane of the front and rear atrophic muscles. Wipe the tissue fluid (white pulp) on the opposite side of the outer epidermis (ie, the side with muscles and connective tissue) with a sponge. While scrubbing, pull the inner skin inward with tweezers to obtain a wider outer skin patch. Cut the small piece of the peeled outer skin (on the side of the shell) and cut it on the small piece. Pay attention to the upward side of the shell and the connective tissue facing downwards. In the actual operation process, the strip-shaped strips cut and trimmed with a slicing knife need to be trimmed, and the portions other than the color strips of the small strips (including the color lines) are all cut off, and after trimming, they are cut into cell pieces of 4 to 5 square millimeters. Drip cold water or saline or disinfectant to keep the tablets moist, sterile, and enhance cell viability.
(4) The implant is gently inserted between the two shells of the insert pods with an opener and slowly opened, and then the stopper is inserted to fix it so that it cannot be closed to facilitate the delivery of the tablets. Shell mouth can not be opened too much, so as not to damage the adductor muscle. Generally speaking, the scallop shell mouth does not exceed 1.2cm, and the crested crown does not exceed 1.5cm. After the insert has been opened, place the sacral edge upwards. Use a sacral plate to place the sacrum and axe on the side that is not to be operated, and then rinse the central epithelium and visceral sac of the central membrane to be operated. Dirt mucus. When implanting, one hand applies a needle to pierce the middle of the patch, the other hand holds a small hook to help curl into a ball shape, and then uses a small hook to make a hole in the inner surface of the central membrane of the cutting pool, and the curled piece is This wound is transversely inserted into the connective tissue between the outer and inner epidermis of the mantle. Then use a small hook on the inner skin of the mantle to press the small piece that has been fed in, and then dial the delivery needle so that the small piece will not be carried out by the needle. At this point, the inserted small piece is further rounded using a small hook so that it has a rounded protrusion. After the operation on one side, the rods were turned in the direction, and the axilla and the axe were dialed to the side of the inserts with a dial plate, and the graft surgery on the other side of the mantle was continued. One row of shells on each side of the mantle covers 3 rows of approximately 20 pieces. When inserting, a row should be inserted by the abdominal margin membrane, and the second row of rows should be inserted, so that the water in the mantle can naturally flow downward from the shell mouth. Disinfect the wound with 1% chlortetracycline solution to prevent the wound from rot and promote healing. The depth of insertion of the small pieces should be moderate. In general, the kina should be 0.5 cm away from the wound. The pleats should be separated from the wound by 0.7 cm. When inserting, the adjacent two rows of small pieces and the wounds should be spaced. After the operation is completed, immediately remove the plug and engrave the surgical date on the shell surface with a carving knife, and temporarily insert the cultured pearl into a bucket or concrete pool with more water so that the cultured pearl can be drained due to surgery. Moisture, and timely sent to the farm site, do not let the barrel overnight, to avoid death.
2. Breeding and management of breeding pearls
2.1 Selection of aquaculture sites The corpus callosum after surgery is relatively weak, requiring a water depth of about 2m, smooth water flow, good water quality, moderate pH (pH = 7.5), transparency of about 30cm, water color is generally yellow, and there is no industrial pollution water And poisonous substances such as pesticides flow in, near the water-free crops, there is no big tree shaded living environment around the pool.
2.2 Method of raising
(1) Lifting method: Drill a hole in the wing (crown) part of the shell item with an awl, put it on a nylon rope or a plastic rope, and hung it in water. The number of cranes used depends on the area of ​​aquaculture. Water depth is generally 1m or more for a series of 1 to 2 cranes, water depth is greater than 1.66m, and 3 to 4 cranes are suspended. For ease of management, most of the cranes currently use a single crane with a distance of about 20cm, a distance of 0.33m, and a row distance of 1 to 1.66m. The uppermost one is generally about 16cm from the water surface. (2) Cage cultivation method: Use bamboo pieces to make a 0.5m round frame or use two 0.5m long bamboo pieces to cross to make a “+†shape, and then use a polyethylene rope to weave into a cage. Put the cockroach into a cage and hang it on a fixed bamboo frame or coarse plastic rope. The bottom of the stocking cage should be about 0.3m below the surface of the water. The number of cages depends on the size of the cockroach, the water quality is thin, etc., and each basket is generally mounted. 5-8, the distance between cages is about 1m. After raising and raising cages, they should be checked frequently. After stocking for 10 days, they should be checked once every 2 to 3 days to see if there is any death. From 10 days to 1 month, observe whether there are sputum, rotting, yellowing, whether the wound is healed and whether the pearl sac is formed. If lean water is found, fertilize it. The method is that the fertilizer is made into liquid after being fermented into the culture rack. The amount of fertilizer should be a small number of times. At the same time, according to the season and water temperature changes, timely adjustment of the water depth of the Pearl. When the water temperature exceeds 30°C, the depth is 0.66 to 1m, and when it is 25 to 30°C, the depth is 0.5 to 0.66m; at 20 to 25°C, the depth is about 0.3m.
2.3 Strengthen day-to-day management First of all, we must strengthen water quality management, keep water quality cool, and regularly follow up on fertilization materials to maintain transparency at 30cm. Secondly, we must do a good job in preventing and controlling diseases. In the season where the temperature is above 25°C, soak it once a month with 3% saline or 0.1% potassium permanganate solution for about 3 to 5 minutes; , found that the dead cricket in time to isolate; and adhere to a quarter to wash the carcass once to remove attachments. In addition, pay attention to pest control. In the summer, it is necessary to wash frequently and diligently remove mosses, snails, and lake clover (commonly known as shipbreaking nails or dead bodies) and other attached organisms. Try to catch predators such as crabs, shrimps, clams, and water mice, and remove wild grasses in a timely manner. From April onwards, carcasses were washed once a month with 1% to 4% saline. Dissolve 150～300kg/sq. ha of quicklime in water and spray evenly to prevent and control bacterial pathogens. Use potassium permanganate 40mg/L to prevent parasite damage.
3. Pearl Collection and Processing Pearls can be harvested after two summers and one winter or three summers and two winters. The pearling is generally carried out in October or February next year, that is, after the water temperature drops to 20°C. Because the temperature of the water was reduced at that time, the pearl was shiny. In the grafting season, it is possible to make full use of young mantles and beads from the mantle of the young pearls to perform the grafting operation. The old age is not effective. Early spring can also be used for pearling. The spring water temperature rises gradually, which is conducive to wound healing and pearl growth. Beading method: Take the pearls for pearls to be picked up from the bamboo rack and transport them to the room. Cut off the front and the back shell muscles with a knife and pinch out the pearls in the mantle. After removing the pearls, they should be washed as soon as possible to prevent the glial calcium carbonate and organic matter on the surface of the beads from coagulating and smearing with a white film to affect the bead. First wash the remaining organics in the shellfish, then add an appropriate amount of neutral detergent to wash, then wash with water. When washing the beads, the operation should be light, to prevent the deformed beads from damaging the high-quality beads. After washing, wipe the bead with a towel or gauze to make the pearl glossy. After washing the pearls, wash the mucus, bead sac, and attachments in saturated saline, and then wash the brine on the pearls with clean water, or wash with 0.15% to 0.2% dry glycol sulphate, that is, put the pearls in containers. The solution is submerged in pearls, and gently stirred for 3 to 5 minutes so that the liquid and the surface of the pearl are in full contact and allowed to stand overnight. 2d and then gently stirring 15min, rinse with water, wash the foam and dirt, and finally with a soft fleece or gauze dry, white silk cloth light, that is, finished and classified in a cool ventilated place for sale.
Artificially cultivated pearls are mainly used as ornaments. Its value depends mainly on the size, shape, color, luster, presence or absence of flaws, and processing techniques of the pearl. In the cultured raw pearls, there are not many high-quality pearls that can be used for decoration without finishing. Therefore, most of the pearls must be processed, otherwise the commodity value is not high. The processing of pearls must first consider the shape, color, and purpose of the original beads so that corresponding methods can be used to make commodity beads in various forms. The second step is to remove the bead surface stains, grind the light, make the pearls appear shiny, and then color as needed. Pearl processing: including drilling, cutting or grinding, peeling and other mechanical processing, bleaching, dyeing, decontamination and other chemical treatment. After processed pearls can improve quality and increase economic efficiency.
1, the method of artificial breeding pearls
1.1 Breeding of pearls and raising of breeding pearls The selection of the first healthy pearl beads, good luster, large numbers, and robust individuals with a breeding period of 1.5 to 2 years. Before the operation, the cultured larvae were inspected one by one, and then the bamboo vines, axe, etc. were first set aside with bamboo, and then the beads were gently touched with the head of the bamboo to analyze the growth. All red pearls, head beads, hollow beads, and shell beads, which account for about 60%, should not be used as recycled bead culture. At present, the oysters of the oyster-fed oysters are mainly the spinnaker bream and pleated crown (crest). Spinnaker oysters have good quality and high quality, but their adaptability and disease resistance are poorer than those of chicken cocks and their mortality rate is high. At the time of the election, a younger, younger, and healthier, disease-free pheasant was required. For the production of crickets, should choose 2 to 3 years of age (shell length> 10cm) is appropriate. It is best to choose 2 to 4 years old. The production crickets and oyster cultures cannot generally differ by two ages (the best of the same age). Outsourcing is not allowed until after more than one month of temporary maintenance. In order to prevent the spread of rickets, self-promotion, self-education and personal use are advocated.
1.2 Timely beading The water temperature can be implanted at 10 to 30°C. The water temperature is 15 to 20°C in spring and autumn. Because of the implantation of beads at this time, the body's metabolism is strong, and the ability to secrete nacre is strong, the wounds heal quickly, and the light that forms the beads is of good quality. Therefore, the general genitalia is in March-April and September-December, and the cockscomb is suitable for surgery in May-July and September-October. Planting beads should avoid the ovulation period of the cockroaches. Fertility culturing should be carried out 1 to 2 months before surgery.
1.3 surgical tools
(1) A tool for opening a shell knife, usually a medical scissors, two forceps, a slicing knife, an anatomical disk, 6cm wide, 20cm long glass plate, several sponges, cups, pots, One dropper and one wooden surgical frame. (2) The implant tool has one opener, several plugs, and one dial plate (made of bamboo or stainless steel, about 20 cm in length and tongue-shaped at one or both ends). In addition, a small hook open needle and a delivery needle are needed. (3) Cultivating tools Drills, cages, bamboos, sticks made of wooden shelves, boats or tubs, brushes, plastic ropes, etc.
1.4 Grafting operations The key to obtaining high-quality, high-yield pearls is to perform graft surgery. Attention should be paid to the following issues:
(1) The general grafting season is mainly from March to May, supplemented from September to October, and the water temperature is 15～20°C.
(2) Preparation of Hemorrhoids before surgery Remove the hanging pearls from the bamboo frame before surgery. Wash the dirt outside the shell and discharge it into the concrete pool or basin. When venting, raise the ventral edge of the nymphs and allow them to open naturally. In this way, mechanical damage can be reduced when opening the shell plug.
(3) The cutting knife is inserted into the iliac crest from the anterior and posterior ends of the iliac crest, cutting the front and rear adductor muscles and the telescoping foot muscles, and then cutting the junction between the two mantle membranes and the visceral mass with a knife, so that the left and right cuffs are complete. Attached to two pieces of clam shell. At this time, use clean water to clean dirt from the shell, viscera mass, and mantle. Due to the thick edge of the mantle, the inner skin must be removed before it can be used. That is, near the marginal adductor muscle or the posterior adductor muscle, cut a small mouth with a knife or tweezers, and then use a foot with an obtuse angle to insert the connective tissue between the inner and outer epidermis. When inserting, it should be as far as possible to the side of the epidermis, and the other hand should hold the inner skin with tweezers. When the two hands collaborate, they will extend into the edge and separate the outer and inner skins of the peripheral membrane of the front and rear atrophic muscles. Wipe the tissue fluid (white pulp) on the opposite side of the outer epidermis (ie, the side with muscles and connective tissue) with a sponge. While scrubbing, pull the inner skin inward with tweezers to obtain a wider outer skin patch. Cut the small piece of the peeled outer skin (on the side of the shell) and cut it on the small piece. Pay attention to the upward side of the shell and the connective tissue facing downwards. In the actual operation process, the strip-shaped strips cut and trimmed with a slicing knife need to be trimmed, and the portions other than the color strips of the small strips (including the color lines) are all cut off, and after trimming, they are cut into cell pieces of 4 to 5 square millimeters. Drip cold water or saline or disinfectant to keep the tablets moist, sterile, and enhance cell viability.
(4) The implant is gently inserted between the two shells of the insert pods with an opener and slowly opened, and then the stopper is inserted to fix it so that it cannot be closed to facilitate the delivery of the tablets. Shell mouth can not be opened too much, so as not to damage the adductor muscle. Generally speaking, the scallop shell mouth does not exceed 1.2cm, and the crested crown does not exceed 1.5cm. After the insert has been opened, place the sacral edge upwards. Use a sacral plate to place the sacrum and axe on the side that is not to be operated, and then rinse the central epithelium and visceral sac of the central membrane to be operated. Dirt mucus. When implanting, one hand applies a needle to pierce the middle of the patch, the other hand holds a small hook to help curl into a ball shape, and then uses a small hook to make a hole in the inner surface of the central membrane of the cutting pool, and the curled piece is This wound is transversely inserted into the connective tissue between the outer and inner epidermis of the mantle. Then use a small hook on the inner skin of the mantle to press the small piece that has been fed in, and then dial the delivery needle so that the small piece will not be carried out by the needle. At this point, the inserted small piece is further rounded using a small hook so that it has a rounded protrusion. After the operation on one side, the rods were turned in the direction, and the axilla and the axe were dialed to the side of the inserts with a dial plate, and the graft surgery on the other side of the mantle was continued. One row of shells on each side of the mantle covers 3 rows of approximately 20 pieces. When inserting, a row should be inserted by the abdominal margin membrane, and the second row of rows should be inserted, so that the water in the mantle can naturally flow downward from the shell mouth. Disinfect the wound with 1% chlortetracycline solution to prevent the wound from rot and promote healing. The depth of insertion of the small pieces should be moderate. In general, the kina should be 0.5 cm away from the wound. The pleats should be separated from the wound by 0.7 cm. When inserting, the adjacent two rows of small pieces and the wounds should be spaced. After the operation is completed, immediately remove the plug and engrave the surgical date on the shell surface with a carving knife, and temporarily insert the cultured pearl into a bucket or concrete pool with more water so that the cultured pearl can be drained due to surgery. Moisture, and timely sent to the farm site, do not let the barrel overnight, to avoid death.
2. Breeding and management of breeding pearls
2.1 Selection of aquaculture sites The corpus callosum after surgery is relatively weak, requiring a water depth of about 2m, smooth water flow, good water quality, moderate pH (pH = 7.5), transparency of about 30cm, water color is generally yellow, and there is no industrial pollution water And poisonous substances such as pesticides flow in, near the water-free crops, there is no big tree shaded living environment around the pool.
2.2 Method of raising
(1) Lifting method: Drill a hole in the wing (crown) part of the shell item with an awl, put it on a nylon rope or a plastic rope, and hung it in water. The number of cranes used depends on the area of ​​aquaculture. Water depth is generally 1m or more for a series of 1 to 2 cranes, water depth is greater than 1.66m, and 3 to 4 cranes are suspended. For ease of management, most of the cranes currently use a single crane with a distance of about 20cm, a distance of 0.33m, and a row distance of 1 to 1.66m. The uppermost one is generally about 16cm from the water surface. (2) Cage cultivation method: Use bamboo pieces to make a 0.5m round frame or use two 0.5m long bamboo pieces to cross to make a “+†shape, and then use a polyethylene rope to weave into a cage. Put the cockroach into a cage and hang it on a fixed bamboo frame or coarse plastic rope. The bottom of the stocking cage should be about 0.3m below the surface of the water. The number of cages depends on the size of the cockroach, the water quality is thin, etc., and each basket is generally mounted. 5-8, the distance between cages is about 1m. After raising and raising cages, they should be checked frequently. After stocking for 10 days, they should be checked once every 2 to 3 days to see if there is any death. From 10 days to 1 month, observe whether there are sputum, rotting, yellowing, whether the wound is healed and whether the pearl sac is formed. If lean water is found, fertilize it. The method is that the fertilizer is made into liquid after being fermented into the culture rack. The amount of fertilizer should be a small number of times. At the same time, according to the season and water temperature changes, timely adjustment of the water depth of the Pearl. When the water temperature exceeds 30°C, the depth is 0.66 to 1m, and when it is 25 to 30°C, the depth is 0.5 to 0.66m; at 20 to 25°C, the depth is about 0.3m.
2.3 Strengthen day-to-day management First of all, we must strengthen water quality management, keep water quality cool, and regularly follow up on fertilization materials to maintain transparency at 30cm. Secondly, we must do a good job in preventing and controlling diseases. In the season where the temperature is above 25°C, soak it once a month with 3% saline or 0.1% potassium permanganate solution for about 3 to 5 minutes; , found that the dead cricket in time to isolate; and adhere to a quarter to wash the carcass once to remove attachments. In addition, pay attention to pest control. In the summer, it is necessary to wash frequently and diligently remove mosses, snails, and lake clover (commonly known as shipbreaking nails or dead bodies) and other attached organisms. Try to catch predators such as crabs, shrimps, clams, and water mice, and remove wild grasses in a timely manner. From April onwards, carcasses were washed once a month with 1% to 4% saline. Dissolve 150～300kg/sq. ha of quicklime in water and spray evenly to prevent and control bacterial pathogens. Use potassium permanganate 40mg/L to prevent parasite damage.
3. Pearl Collection and Processing Pearls can be harvested after two summers and one winter or three summers and two winters. The pearling is generally carried out in October or February next year, that is, after the water temperature drops to 20°C. Because the temperature of the water was reduced at that time, the pearl was shiny. In the grafting season, it is possible to make full use of young mantles and beads from the mantle of the young pearls to perform the grafting operation. The old age is not effective. Early spring can also be used for pearling. The spring water temperature rises gradually, which is conducive to wound healing and pearl growth. Beading method: Take the pearls for pearls to be picked up from the bamboo rack and transport them to the room. Cut off the front and the back shell muscles with a knife and pinch out the pearls in the mantle. After removing the pearls, they should be washed as soon as possible to prevent the glial calcium carbonate and organic matter on the surface of the beads from coagulating and smearing with a white film to affect the bead. First wash the remaining organics in the shellfish, then add an appropriate amount of neutral detergent to wash, then wash with water. When washing the beads, the operation should be light, to prevent the deformed beads from damaging the high-quality beads. After washing, wipe the bead with a towel or gauze to make the pearl glossy. After washing the pearls, wash the mucus, bead sac, and attachments in saturated saline, and then wash the brine on the pearls with clean water, or wash with 0.15% to 0.2% dry glycol sulphate, that is, put the pearls in containers. The solution is submerged in pearls, and gently stirred for 3 to 5 minutes so that the liquid and the surface of the pearl are in full contact and allowed to stand overnight. 2d and then gently stirring 15min, rinse with water, wash the foam and dirt, and finally with a soft fleece or gauze dry, white silk cloth light, that is, finished and classified in a cool ventilated place for sale.
Artificially cultivated pearls are mainly used as ornaments. Its value depends mainly on the size, shape, color, luster, presence or absence of flaws, and processing techniques of the pearl. In the cultured raw pearls, there are not many high-quality pearls that can be used for decoration without finishing. Therefore, most of the pearls must be processed, otherwise the commodity value is not high. The processing of pearls must first consider the shape, color, and purpose of the original beads so that corresponding methods can be used to make commodity beads in various forms. The second step is to remove the bead surface stains, grind the light, make the pearls appear shiny, and then color as needed. Pearl processing: including drilling, cutting or grinding, peeling and other mechanical processing, bleaching, dyeing, decontamination and other chemical treatment. After processed pearls can improve quality and increase economic efficiency.
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