Water and fertilizer integration technology
Recently, the National Agricultural Technology Center held a field observation and experience exchange conference on water and fertilizer integration technology in Changping District, Beijing. The meeting believed that the integration of water and fertilizer technology has the good effect of “three sections†(water saving, fertilizer-saving, and medicine-saving), “three provinces†(provincial workers, labor-saving, and worry-free) and “three increases†(increasing production, increasing income, and increasing efficiency). It is the “No. 1 technology†for developing modern agriculture and accelerating the transformation of agricultural development methods. So what is "water and fertilizer integration technology"? The newspaper specially arranged a related article for readers' reference.
Water and fertilizer integration technology is a new agricultural technology that integrates irrigation and fertilization. The integration of water and fertilizer is based on pressure irrigation system. Fertilizer made of soluble solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizer is mixed with irrigation water and evenly and accurately transported to the root of the crop. Using the fertigation technology, the demand for the whole growth period can be designed according to the crop growth requirements, and the moisture and nutrients can be quantified, timed, and directly provided to the crop in proportion. Pressure irrigation includes spray irrigation and micro-irrigation. At present, the commonly used form is the combination of micro-irrigation and fertilization, and the combination of drip irrigation, micro-spraying, and fertilization is predominant. The micro-irrigation fertilization system consists of four parts: the water source, the head hub, the distribution pipeline, and the emitter. Water sources include: rivers, reservoirs, wells, ponds, etc.; first hubs include motors, pumps, filters, fertilisers, control and measuring equipment, and protection devices; transmission and distribution pipelines include main, dry, branch, and wool pipelines and pipeline control Valves; emitters include drippers or sprinklers, drip tape.
First, the appropriate range
This technology is suitable for fixed water sources such as wells, reservoirs, and reservoirs, and it has good water quality and conforms to the requirements of micro-irrigation. It has also built or has conditions for the construction and application of micro-irrigation facilities. It is mainly suitable for cultivation of facilities, cultivation of orchards, and cultivation of cotton and other economic crops in large fields, as well as other crops with good economic returns.
Second, the technical points
1. Selection of micro-irrigation fertilization system According to the water source, topography, planting area and crop type, different micro-irrigation fertilization systems are selected. Protected cultivation, open cultivation of sweet potato vegetables, and cultivation of economic crops in Datian are generally selected for drip irrigation and fertilization systems. Fertilizer protection sites are generally selected from Venturi fertilizers, differential pressure fertilizer tanks, or fertilizer-injection pumps. The orchard generally chooses a micro-spraying fertilization system. The fertilizing device generally selects the fertigation pump, and where conditions permit, an automatic fertigation system can be selected.
2. Formulate a micro-irrigation fertilization scheme (1) Determination of the micro-irrigation system The irrigation quota is determined based on the water requirement of the crop plant and the precipitation of the crop growth period. The irrigation quota for fertigation by micro-irrigation in open field should be reduced by 50% compared with flood irrigation, and the irrigation quota for fertigation by drip irrigation in protected areas should be reduced by 30% to 40% compared with flood irrigation in greenhouses. After the irrigation quota is determined, the irrigation period, the number of times, and the amount of irrigation each time are determined according to the crop water requirement law, precipitation condition, and soil moisture content. (2) Determination of fertilization system There are significant differences between fertigation and traditional fertilization techniques. A reasonable system of microfertigation should first determine the total amount of fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the ratio of bottom and topdressing fertilizers according to the law of fertilizer requirements for growing crops, the fertility of the plots, and the target yield. Fertilizers used as base fertilizers are applied before soil preparation, and top dressings are determined according to the characteristics of required fertilizers in different crop growth periods. The implementation of micro-irrigation fertilization technology can increase the fertilizer utilization rate by 40% to 50%, so the amount of fertilizer used for micro-irrigation fertilization is 50% to 60% of conventional fertilization. Still taking tomato cultivation as an example, the target output is 10,000 kg/mu. For every 1000 kg of tomato produced, N is absorbed: 3.18 kg, P2O5: 0.74 kg, and K2O: 4.83 kg. The total demand for nutrients is N: 31.8 kg, P2O5: 7.4 Kilograms, K2O: 48.3 Kg; under the conditions of cultivation and cultivation, nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is 57%-65% in the current season, phosphate fertilizer is 35%-42%, and potash fertilizer is 70%-80%; the above-mentioned yield should be realized in Mushi N: 53.12 kg, P2O5 : 18.5 kilograms, K2O: 60.38 kilograms, a total of 132 kilograms (not counting soil nutrient content). Based on the nutritional characteristics of tomato, tomato fertilization plan for each growth period was also formulated. (3) Selection of fertilizers The application of base fertilizers to the micro-irrigation fertilization system is the same as traditional fertilization. It may include a variety of organic fertilizers and a variety of chemical fertilizers. However, the type of fertiliser used for micro irrigation must be soluble fertilizer. Urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and other fertilizers that meet national or industry standards have higher purity, less impurities, and do not precipitate when dissolved in water. top dressing. Phosphorus supplements generally use potassium dihydrogen phosphate and other soluble fertilizers for top dressing. Top dressing supplements micronutrient fertilizers, generally cannot be used together with phosphorus topdressing so as to avoid the formation of insoluble phosphate deposits and clogging of drippers or sprinklers.
3. Supporting technology Implementation of water and fertilizer integration technology should be complemented with application of improved varieties of crops, pest and disease control, and field management techniques. It can also be adapted to crop conditions, use mulching technology, and form drip irrigation forms under the membrane to give full play to the advantages of water-saving and fertilizer-saving technologies. The purpose of improving crop yield, improving crop quality, and increasing profitability.
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