Dairy cattle feed processing and deployment
There are two main types of feeds that cows need. One category is roughage, roughage varieties include all kinds of grass, hay, corn stalks, corn stalk silage, Northeast China Leymus chinensis, high-quality oysters, etc.; the other is concentrate feed, including corn, cottonseed meal, bran and so on.
Green fodder refers to natural forages, artificially cultivated pastures, and vegetable feeds. Green feed has good palatability and is easy to digest, but it has a large volume and a high moisture content. The quality of legume green feed in green feed is better than that of grass and vegetable feed. Commonly used green feed for cattle are grassy, ​​corn leaf, broccoli, cabbage, sweet potato vine, peanut vine, wild grass, cane tail, carrots and so on.
Silage is the use of fresh green and juicy feeds such as corn stover, sweet potato vines, peanut vines, elephant grass, sweet potatoes, etc., harvested directly or after proper drying, chopped, sealed and stored in silos, mashers or towers. Made by lactic acid fermentation.
The principle of silage Silage is to chop fresh green and juicy feed into silages, silage towers or silages, compacted and sealed, and fermented to produce a sour taste with a sour taste. This feed can be stored for months or even years. So silage is a good way to store green feed for a long time. Silage raw materials should contain a certain amount of sugar and the right amount of moisture. When the sugar content is low, the lactic acid bacteria multiply slowly and the lactic acid produced is very small, so it is difficult to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, and it is unfavorable for silage. Too much water makes the concentration of sugar thin, juice extravasation, resulting in the loss of nutrients, and easy to breed butyric acid bacteria, so that the quality of silage is not good; too little water is not easy to compact, easily cause aerobic spoilage bacteria, causing mold and spoilage. The raw material used for silage requires a moisture content of 65% to 70%. If the raw material is tender, the moisture content can be lower than 60%; when the raw material is coarse and old, the moisture content can be higher than 70%; if the low-hydration silage is carried out, the moisture content should be 40% to 60%. At the same time, since lactic acid bacteria are anaerobic bacteria, silage materials must be chopped and compacted during silage.
Method of Silage Building Pit No matter whether silage, silage tower or silage trough is used, the location should be chosen where the terrain is high dry, sunny, solid and well-drained.
The size of the cellar must be sturdy, airtight, and watertight. The conditional cellar wall and cellar floor can be made of stones.
Raw materials used as raw materials for silage should be cut short in order to make the raw materials flow out a lot of sap so as to facilitate the growth of Lactobacillus and also to facilitate pressure.
Filling the silage raw materials should be compacted along with the installation and pavement. In particular, the surrounding edges of the pits must be compacted to discharge air and reduce the remaining voids.
After the capping pit is full, a plastic film is placed on the silo, a layer of straw is placed on top, and the cover is sealed. If the soil is dry, some water can be sprinkled to make the soil sturdy. Cover about 60 centimeters thick, the soil piled into a bread shape, after frequent inspections, found that there are subsidence or cracks in time to add soil repair, to prevent rainwater inflow and ventilation, affecting the quality of silage.
Open silos using feed silage can be used after 40 days. When opening the cellar, first remove the cover soil and straw from the cellar surface. If the silage on the top floor becomes black, remove it and use it later. Good quality silage is yellow-green, aromatic and sour, succulent, soft and delicious texture. If it is dark brown with rancid or dry mold, it should not be used to feed cattle. Remove the silage should be used up days, do not stay overnight to avoid deterioration. Deteriorated silage cattle eat diseases. The amount of silage used is generally 10 to 20 kilograms per day for adult cattle, 15 to 20 kilograms for dairy cows, and 5 to 10 kilograms for young cows.
Roughage includes hay, straw and clams. High-quality hay is rich in crude protein, carotene, vitamin D and inorganic salts, and is a good roughage for cattle. Although straw has a low nutritional value, it can be used as a feed for cattle to promote normal rumen fermentation and prevent digestive disorders.
Straw with more crude fiber can be loaded into a concrete tank or tank. After it is filled to 80%, it is covered with a wooden grating and pressed with stones. Then 3% of quicklime water or 3% of cooked lime water is added to soak 12～ Remove the fish after 24 hours, drain the residue and feed the cattle, or shorten the straw (such as straw, etc.), add 0.6 to 1 kg of salt per 100 kg, and add 150-160 liters of water (heat water in winter and cold water in summer). Stir evenly and compact it in the cement pool. The top was covered with sacks or plastic paper, and fermentation was carried out. The cows were taken out in about 1 day. Alkaline treatment may also be performed with sodium hydroxide. Short straws are soaked in 5%-2% sodium hydroxide solution for 24 hours (approximately 100 kilograms of straw plus 800-1000 liters of sodium hydroxide solution can be used to submerge the straw). After washing, the lye is rinsed with water and fed. Cattle. Alkali treatment of straw can make insoluble lignin into readily soluble hydroxy-petrodine, making the mosaic material and cell wall between plant cells soft, easily decomposed by cellulase and various digestive liquids, increasing feed intake and digestion. rate. However, during the alkalization process, some of the protein in the feed may be dissolved and the vitamins will be destroyed. Therefore, the legume straw with high nutrient content should not be alkalized. In addition, straw can also be ammoniated, ie, 3 kg of liquid ammonia (anhydrous ammonia) per 100 kg of straw. Stir stalks first to 2 to 3 centimeters and then sprinkle with ammonia uniformly. Covered with plastic film, sealed, do not leak, after 7 to 10 days out of the straw to dry, so that the disappearance of ammonia, you can feed cattle. The concentrate feed is divided into energy concentrate and protein concentrate.
The main purpose of energy concentrates is to supply energy. Commonly used energy concentrates are corn, wheat, barley, oats, broken rice, flour, bran, fine clams, sweet potatoes and so on. Protein concentrates are mainly by-products of oil extraction, such as soybean cakes, peanut cakes, coconut cakes, rapeseed cakes, cottonseed cakes and so on.
Dairy cows formula design goals are: to meet the nutritional needs of dairy cows in different physiological stages; to ensure the health of dairy cows and milk composition; good palatability; high production efficiency; low cost, economic and reasonable; milk steak discharge has the lowest impact on the environment.
The priorities for various nutrient considerations in dairy cow diet formula design are: Fiber
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