Greenhouse beauty refers to the growth habits and cultivation characteristics of grapes
2020-11-17 10:16:08
Meiren refers to grape as a fresh and late-maturing Eurasian grape introduced from Japan in the late 1990s. After the product was put into the market, it was highly favored by consumers because of its bright appearance and good quality, showing the high economic benefits of cultivation of the variety. The American means that it is a rare and excellent late-maturing variety in the production and cultivation of fresh grape. . However, since the Americans pointed to the grape varieties entering the production and cultivation, due to the lack of correct understanding of the cultivation characteristics of the breeders, the cultivation situation has been unsatisfactory, and the outstanding problem is mainly reflected in the fact that the variety grows in an unpredictable manner and the yield is unstable. Not high temperature, summer leaves, fruit sunburn severe. The author believes that in the United States refers to the grape cultivation, the emergence of the above problems is mainly due to the cultivation is not law, it is the lack of a correct understanding and understanding of the growth habits and cultural characteristics of the United States refers to the species.
Beauty refers to the warm and cool climate of grape growing. In the south of China, cultivation can pass through normal dormancy, strong sprouting power, strong growth, large ear, high fruit setting rate, and good coloring, but branches are more mature and susceptible to white rot. Sunburn is serious. In the case of improper cultivation and management, the variety is indeed not easy to produce and the yield is extremely unstable.
Susceptibility to disease, which is the commonality of the Eurasian grape varieties, beauty is no exception. Therefore, in order to obtain a successful grape cultivation by the American, the first consideration should be given to adopting a facility cultivation method so as to maximize the economic benefits of the cultivation of the species; secondly, the beauty means that such a strong variety should be cultivated using a horizontal greenhouse, which is more conducive to Its growth and development and increase production and improve quality; Third, it must be implemented. Taking into account the beauty is an increasingly strong variety, the number of acres of plant species is more than other varieties, the author thinks 25 acres per plant is appropriate. The above three points are the most basic requirements for successful cultivation. In the realization of the above cultivation requirements, we must also focus on the following specific aspects:
1. Beauty refers to fertilization.
Beauty means that the grape grows strongly, and the demand for fertilizer and water is relatively large. In the growth and development period, special attention should be paid to the top dressing before and after the autumn. If the nutrient is insufficient before flowering, it will seriously affect the growth and development of the fruit; after autumn, it is the period of postpartum tree vigor and nutrient recovery. Applying the fall fertilizer is directly related to the stable production and high yield of the following year. According to the author's investigation, the beauty refers to the leaf area of ​​the 3-4th leaf of the grape base should reach 130cm2, about the 6-7th leaf should reach about 170cm2, the 10th leaf should reach about 230cm2, then, the fruit growth and development It is more normal. The abnormal nutrition before flowering, leaf growth is often too small, lack of leaf area, will seriously affect the split of fruit cells, resulting in shortening of the consequences of the grain, the fruit tail becomes sharper, the fruit becomes smaller. At the same time, lack of leaf area will increase the sunburn. In the fertilization that the Americans refer to, it is also necessary to prevent excessive nitrogen nutrition and it is not appropriate to apply pure nitrogen fertilizer in top dressing.
Beauty refers to the fertilization of grapes, mainly to master the application of basal fertilizer (organic fertilizer in autumn), the principle of timely fertilizer. Organic basal fertilizers have the characteristics of sustained-release and long-acting, but they are nutritionally comprehensive and must not be applied. Extra-root fertilization has an important role as an auxiliary dressing method. The supplementation of trace elements mainly adopts this fertilization method, and the effect is better. In order to improve the sweetness and coloration of the grapes, it is generally necessary to apply pure potassium fertilizer such as potassium sulfate 2-3 times in the middle or late July, and about 10 kg per mu.
2. Management of shoots during the growing season. Scientific, correct dendrite management is directly related to the production and quality of grapevines in the following year. The beauty refers to the scientific and correct management of the vines during the grape growing period. There are mainly three meanings: first, determining the amount of shoots to leave; second, how to pick the heart; and third, how to deal with the shoots.
2.1. Determine the approximate amount of new shoots according to the output requirements of quality products. Taking horizontal scaffolding cultivation as an example, the Americans generally do not use the shoots as the mother tree for the results, and the trees for the first and second year old trees. It is necessary to focus on cultivating 4-5 new shoots as the backbone branches and cultivate the trees. The plants that enter the reproductive growth period generally retain about 60 new shoots and spikes per tree, so that the yield per mu is controlled within 1250 kg, so that high-quality fruit can be obtained.
2.2, the results of the branch topping. Beauty refers to the result of the fruiting branch should be carried out after flowering, this time, the growth of shoots has been longer, it is necessary to use strong picking method, that is, each new shoot to stay 70-80 cm topping, it must be emphasized that the beauty refers to the grape must After the flower has been picked up, it can make the natural fruit drop after flowering, reduce the fruit setting rate, and reduce the labor of fruit thinning.
The well-nourished beauty refers to the rapid growth of the dendrite and the second tipping of the tip, depending on the specific circumstances, and generally leaves 4-5 leaves again when the second tip length reaches 6-7 leaves. Afterwards, it will be repeated in this way. The purpose of the pinching is to temporarily suppress the extension of shoots and promote flower bud differentiation. For the beautiful person, the growth inhibition is relative, and it is inevitable when the extension is made. However, as long as it can effectively suppress and delay the growth rate, it can also achieve the purpose of topping. purpose.
2.3. Auxiliary tipping. As the beauty refers to the buds of grapes, the eyes are particularly strong. Therefore, it is not possible to adopt the picking method of picking the Kyoho and other varieties as it would otherwise result in the germination of winter buds. The beauty refers to the grape's first tipped topping. It can retain 2-3 leaves. After the second and subsequent visual observation of the growth of the accessory shoot, the rotation is selected to leave a tip and a 2-leaf topping treatment can also be left in the original secondary tip. Leaf topping based on long 2 leaves topping. In the future, the toppings should be handled flexibly according to the characteristics of the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the grapes of the beauty, and pay attention to the following three principles: First, it is necessary to ensure that the apron leaves a certain leaf area, so that the ear is below the leaf sprouts, and the number is reduced. Sunburn hazard level. The second is to try not to germinate in winter; Third, the growth of axillary shoots must be moderated, and there should be restraint. The growth of the shoots without restraint will lead to a large amount of nutrient loss and severely affect the flower bud differentiation of the new shoots. During fruit ripening, over-thickness of the leaf curtain will bring about some negative effects. The longer shoots can be reduced by the retraction method to improve the density of the leaf screen and improve the light conditions so as to facilitate the coloration of the fruit.
3, to prevent sunburn. Beauty means grapes are extremely sensitive to light and high temperatures. Fruits and leaves are susceptible to sunburn during summer high temperatures. In the cultivation of greenhouses, the degree of burning of the leaves is lighter, and the sunburn of the fruits is more serious. The occurrence of sunburn in 2006 was the most serious one in recent years. The damage degree of fruits in individual orchards was more than 50%. However, the extent of sun-burning damage varies among orchards. The main factors leading to the differences are the thickness of the leaf curtain and the temperature of the shed, thin leaf curtains, and high temperatures are increasingly serious. The main methods to avoid sunburn: First, to raise the density of the stems and leaves; second is to do everything possible to reduce the temperature within the greenhouse during the high temperature; third is the fruit bagging, but the use of double black grape paper bags inside to prevent sunburn effect the best.
4, focus on prevention and treatment of white rot. Beauty refers to grape shed cultivation susceptible disease is mainly white rot disease, DuPont's Wanxing, Syngenta company's Amisidajiashi higher fungicides against white rot control effect is very obvious. After spraying, there is basically no trace of pollution.
5, sparse and sparse fruit beauty refers to the grape's ear, vegetative growth of good plants generally reach up to 1500 grams, the majority of even more than 2,000 grams. In order to ensure its quality, beauty must be sparse. In theory, the spikes retained 80 grains per panicle after fruiting, and the ear weight was about 750 grams.
Beauty refers to whether or not fruit thinning depends on the condition of the fruit set. Fruits that are well-proportioned may not need to be thinned, fruits must be densely fruited, and agricultural control measures must be used to obtain the desired fruit setting rate. This is the effect of fruit thinning. The shortest way to work, the specific approach is to do a good job in two aspects: First, apply a good fertilizer, so that the tree before the flower to maintain a strong tree vigor; Second, the main vines took heart after flowering. The purpose of this is to aggravate the natural fruit drop, which can save a lot of labor investment.
6, the root area of ​​the United States refers to a good fertilizer is a variety, under better nutritional conditions, the growth of dendrite is difficult to control, the growth of the tree into the reproductive period is relatively weak. Practice has proved that the main factor that causes the beauty to refer to grapes as ineffective is that the grower fails to regulate the tree vigor. However, light regulates the growth of the tree from the control of fertilizer and water, and the problem of fruit dysplasia often occurs. The difficulty in beauty cultivation is that neither the lack of fertilizer nor the unrestrained growth. For this reason, in practice, the author solves the problem of easy growth of the tree by taking measures to control the amount of root growth. The specific method of root control is narrow (deep) width ditch, that is, the width of the ditch is 60-70 cm, and the depth is about 30 cm. The width does not exceed 150 cm. Under such circumstances, the tree vigor is relatively easy to control. If we combine the low-density planting methods of 20 acres, we can obtain ideal cultivation results.
Beauty refers to the warm and cool climate of grape growing. In the south of China, cultivation can pass through normal dormancy, strong sprouting power, strong growth, large ear, high fruit setting rate, and good coloring, but branches are more mature and susceptible to white rot. Sunburn is serious. In the case of improper cultivation and management, the variety is indeed not easy to produce and the yield is extremely unstable.
Susceptibility to disease, which is the commonality of the Eurasian grape varieties, beauty is no exception. Therefore, in order to obtain a successful grape cultivation by the American, the first consideration should be given to adopting a facility cultivation method so as to maximize the economic benefits of the cultivation of the species; secondly, the beauty means that such a strong variety should be cultivated using a horizontal greenhouse, which is more conducive to Its growth and development and increase production and improve quality; Third, it must be implemented. Taking into account the beauty is an increasingly strong variety, the number of acres of plant species is more than other varieties, the author thinks 25 acres per plant is appropriate. The above three points are the most basic requirements for successful cultivation. In the realization of the above cultivation requirements, we must also focus on the following specific aspects:
1. Beauty refers to fertilization.
Beauty means that the grape grows strongly, and the demand for fertilizer and water is relatively large. In the growth and development period, special attention should be paid to the top dressing before and after the autumn. If the nutrient is insufficient before flowering, it will seriously affect the growth and development of the fruit; after autumn, it is the period of postpartum tree vigor and nutrient recovery. Applying the fall fertilizer is directly related to the stable production and high yield of the following year. According to the author's investigation, the beauty refers to the leaf area of ​​the 3-4th leaf of the grape base should reach 130cm2, about the 6-7th leaf should reach about 170cm2, the 10th leaf should reach about 230cm2, then, the fruit growth and development It is more normal. The abnormal nutrition before flowering, leaf growth is often too small, lack of leaf area, will seriously affect the split of fruit cells, resulting in shortening of the consequences of the grain, the fruit tail becomes sharper, the fruit becomes smaller. At the same time, lack of leaf area will increase the sunburn. In the fertilization that the Americans refer to, it is also necessary to prevent excessive nitrogen nutrition and it is not appropriate to apply pure nitrogen fertilizer in top dressing.
Beauty refers to the fertilization of grapes, mainly to master the application of basal fertilizer (organic fertilizer in autumn), the principle of timely fertilizer. Organic basal fertilizers have the characteristics of sustained-release and long-acting, but they are nutritionally comprehensive and must not be applied. Extra-root fertilization has an important role as an auxiliary dressing method. The supplementation of trace elements mainly adopts this fertilization method, and the effect is better. In order to improve the sweetness and coloration of the grapes, it is generally necessary to apply pure potassium fertilizer such as potassium sulfate 2-3 times in the middle or late July, and about 10 kg per mu.
2. Management of shoots during the growing season. Scientific, correct dendrite management is directly related to the production and quality of grapevines in the following year. The beauty refers to the scientific and correct management of the vines during the grape growing period. There are mainly three meanings: first, determining the amount of shoots to leave; second, how to pick the heart; and third, how to deal with the shoots.
2.1. Determine the approximate amount of new shoots according to the output requirements of quality products. Taking horizontal scaffolding cultivation as an example, the Americans generally do not use the shoots as the mother tree for the results, and the trees for the first and second year old trees. It is necessary to focus on cultivating 4-5 new shoots as the backbone branches and cultivate the trees. The plants that enter the reproductive growth period generally retain about 60 new shoots and spikes per tree, so that the yield per mu is controlled within 1250 kg, so that high-quality fruit can be obtained.
2.2, the results of the branch topping. Beauty refers to the result of the fruiting branch should be carried out after flowering, this time, the growth of shoots has been longer, it is necessary to use strong picking method, that is, each new shoot to stay 70-80 cm topping, it must be emphasized that the beauty refers to the grape must After the flower has been picked up, it can make the natural fruit drop after flowering, reduce the fruit setting rate, and reduce the labor of fruit thinning.
The well-nourished beauty refers to the rapid growth of the dendrite and the second tipping of the tip, depending on the specific circumstances, and generally leaves 4-5 leaves again when the second tip length reaches 6-7 leaves. Afterwards, it will be repeated in this way. The purpose of the pinching is to temporarily suppress the extension of shoots and promote flower bud differentiation. For the beautiful person, the growth inhibition is relative, and it is inevitable when the extension is made. However, as long as it can effectively suppress and delay the growth rate, it can also achieve the purpose of topping. purpose.
2.3. Auxiliary tipping. As the beauty refers to the buds of grapes, the eyes are particularly strong. Therefore, it is not possible to adopt the picking method of picking the Kyoho and other varieties as it would otherwise result in the germination of winter buds. The beauty refers to the grape's first tipped topping. It can retain 2-3 leaves. After the second and subsequent visual observation of the growth of the accessory shoot, the rotation is selected to leave a tip and a 2-leaf topping treatment can also be left in the original secondary tip. Leaf topping based on long 2 leaves topping. In the future, the toppings should be handled flexibly according to the characteristics of the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the grapes of the beauty, and pay attention to the following three principles: First, it is necessary to ensure that the apron leaves a certain leaf area, so that the ear is below the leaf sprouts, and the number is reduced. Sunburn hazard level. The second is to try not to germinate in winter; Third, the growth of axillary shoots must be moderated, and there should be restraint. The growth of the shoots without restraint will lead to a large amount of nutrient loss and severely affect the flower bud differentiation of the new shoots. During fruit ripening, over-thickness of the leaf curtain will bring about some negative effects. The longer shoots can be reduced by the retraction method to improve the density of the leaf screen and improve the light conditions so as to facilitate the coloration of the fruit.
3, to prevent sunburn. Beauty means grapes are extremely sensitive to light and high temperatures. Fruits and leaves are susceptible to sunburn during summer high temperatures. In the cultivation of greenhouses, the degree of burning of the leaves is lighter, and the sunburn of the fruits is more serious. The occurrence of sunburn in 2006 was the most serious one in recent years. The damage degree of fruits in individual orchards was more than 50%. However, the extent of sun-burning damage varies among orchards. The main factors leading to the differences are the thickness of the leaf curtain and the temperature of the shed, thin leaf curtains, and high temperatures are increasingly serious. The main methods to avoid sunburn: First, to raise the density of the stems and leaves; second is to do everything possible to reduce the temperature within the greenhouse during the high temperature; third is the fruit bagging, but the use of double black grape paper bags inside to prevent sunburn effect the best.
4, focus on prevention and treatment of white rot. Beauty refers to grape shed cultivation susceptible disease is mainly white rot disease, DuPont's Wanxing, Syngenta company's Amisidajiashi higher fungicides against white rot control effect is very obvious. After spraying, there is basically no trace of pollution.
5, sparse and sparse fruit beauty refers to the grape's ear, vegetative growth of good plants generally reach up to 1500 grams, the majority of even more than 2,000 grams. In order to ensure its quality, beauty must be sparse. In theory, the spikes retained 80 grains per panicle after fruiting, and the ear weight was about 750 grams.
Beauty refers to whether or not fruit thinning depends on the condition of the fruit set. Fruits that are well-proportioned may not need to be thinned, fruits must be densely fruited, and agricultural control measures must be used to obtain the desired fruit setting rate. This is the effect of fruit thinning. The shortest way to work, the specific approach is to do a good job in two aspects: First, apply a good fertilizer, so that the tree before the flower to maintain a strong tree vigor; Second, the main vines took heart after flowering. The purpose of this is to aggravate the natural fruit drop, which can save a lot of labor investment.
6, the root area of ​​the United States refers to a good fertilizer is a variety, under better nutritional conditions, the growth of dendrite is difficult to control, the growth of the tree into the reproductive period is relatively weak. Practice has proved that the main factor that causes the beauty to refer to grapes as ineffective is that the grower fails to regulate the tree vigor. However, light regulates the growth of the tree from the control of fertilizer and water, and the problem of fruit dysplasia often occurs. The difficulty in beauty cultivation is that neither the lack of fertilizer nor the unrestrained growth. For this reason, in practice, the author solves the problem of easy growth of the tree by taking measures to control the amount of root growth. The specific method of root control is narrow (deep) width ditch, that is, the width of the ditch is 60-70 cm, and the depth is about 30 cm. The width does not exceed 150 cm. Under such circumstances, the tree vigor is relatively easy to control. If we combine the low-density planting methods of 20 acres, we can obtain ideal cultivation results.
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