Accurate breeding of "super" animals

"Basic research on molecular biology of agricultural animal genetic breeding and cloning" - the first 973 project in the field of animal husbandry and animal genetics in China. It can be said that this project team is the "national team" of agricultural animal genetic breeding in China. Since the 1990s, animal breeding in the world has entered the molecular level, and it has evolved in the direction of rapidly changing animal genotypes. More and more animal clones have become the core technology in the expansion. Breeding high-quality, high-quality “super” animals has become a dream for many agrozoological scientists, including, of course, the 973 researchers.

According to predictions from Western developed countries such as the United States and Britain and the FAO, 20% of the varieties of global animal agriculture in the 21st century will be provided through molecular breeding, and the contribution of varieties to the entire animal production will also reach over 50%. Variety is the primary key to the development of animal agriculture. The expansion of fine varieties is one of the core contents of agricultural animal breeding, which directly affects the efficiency of animal agricultural production. With good breeds and high-speed expansion techniques, it will be able to produce more output under the same investment conditions. Since the 1990s, animal breeding in the world has entered the molecular level, and it has been developing in the direction of rapidly changing animal genotypes. More and more animal breeding has become a core technology in the expansion. Breeding high-quality, high-quality “super” animals has become a dream of many agrozoological scientists.

Reporter: Is there any scientific statistics on the contribution of animal genetics and breeding to agricultural growth using molecular and other molecular technologies?

Li Ning: Among the many factors affecting the efficient and high-quality production of agricultural animals, the scientific and technological contributions of animal genetics and breeding have played an important role. According to the summary of the role of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1996 for various scientific and technological aspects of animal husbandry production in the United States in the past 50 years, the role of variety improvement is at the top of all technologies, accounting for 40%, far higher than that of nutritional feeds (20 %, disease prevention and control (15% and breeding and behavior (10%) etc. This is also the main reason for the developed countries to invest heavily in animal genetic breeding.

Western developed countries’ governments, large-scale breeding companies and famous scientists once predicted the potential of using animal genome research to improve agricultural animal species at the beginning of this century. Take several production traits as an example. The milk production capacity of cattle in developed countries is 9,000 kg. It is expected that the improvement in 2005 will reach 12,000 kg, and by 2015 it will reach 18,000 kg. The current level in China is 6,000 kg. At present, the pigs in developed countries have a daily gain of 900 g/day, and it is expected that the improvement in 2005 will reach 1200 g/day, and by 2015 it will reach 1600 g/day. The current level in China is 550 g/day. It is not difficult to see that if the Chinese aquaculture industry can use the latest genomic research results in a timely manner, it can fully achieve the goal of doubling the output of the aquaculture industry without increasing the input.

Reporter: The "Basic Research on Molecular Biology of Agricultural Animal Genetic Breeding and Cloning" is the first 973 project in the field of animal husbandry and animal genetics research in China. This research group can be said to be the "national team" of agricultural animal genetics and breeding. Since 2000, we have conducted a five-year study. Please tell us about the project.

Li Ning: Our project consists of functional genomic research on the important economic traits of agricultural animals, the breeding mechanism of “super high yield” in livestock, and the molecular basis of cloned animal breeding. It consists of three parts. The first part is basic research, which is the research focus of this project; the second part is the technical theory of basic research into productivity, which is the research goal and application prospect of this project; the third part is to solve the rapid propagation of super-high-yield agricultural animals through cloning technology. Basic research on molecular biology. China Agricultural University, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Institute of Animal Husbandry, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences are the main institutions. The project was initially planned for 9 sub-topics and was consolidated into 6 topics after mid-term adjustment.

Reporter: What is the specific content of these three parts of the study? What is the relationship between them?

Li Ning: The genomic plan focuses on the study of regions that have coding functions in the genome, that is, functional genomic research (especially functional genes related to the yield and quality of pork and milk). The fundamental goal is to find that about 3% of the genome is expressed. Functional regions, especially functional genomic regions associated with important economic traits, are expected to occupy animal genetic resources economically and quickly.

Agricultural animal super-high-yield breeding is a need for the development of China's aquaculture industry. The main methods include synthetic breeding at the molecular level, crossbreeding, marker-assisted selection, and breeding of super-agricultural animals, but all must be based on varieties, strains, and even individuals. The basis of a clear understanding of the genome is that it is possible to achieve the goal of super-high yield, and the basis of molecular biology for super-high yield breeding is to study the relationship between these breeding methods and the genome. China's animal genetic resources for agriculture are abundant, and there are many genes that are beneficial to breeding, such as the pig's high-propagative genes, and the excellent meat quality of livestock and poultry breeds such as Xiang pig, Sanhuang Chicken, and Qinchuan cattle. These characteristics are rich in breeding materials and breeding new ones. Variety and making animal agriculture go on the road of high yield, high quality, high efficiency and sustainable development will play an important role.

The expansion of improved varieties of agricultural animals is an important aspect of breeding. The breed is excellent again. If the expansion is too slow, it will lose the meaning of thoroughbreds. Animal clones (mainly somatic cell clones) can be rapidly replicated and propagated in a single generation. Therefore, it is the simplest way for the future breeding of improved varieties, and the molecular biology research on cloning is to lay the foundation for efficient and rapid cloning. Theoretical basis.

Reporter: I heard that the project team conducted surveys on the major agricultural animal species in China and established a resource bank.

Li Ning: Yes, we particularly emphasize the exploration of our own unique and excellent genetic resources and use the most advanced molecular biology techniques and methods in the world for research. China has about one-fifth of the world's livestock and poultry breeds and has obvious human resource advantages. The breeds we use in our resource groups will be unique in the world, such as high litter size, meat quality, and resistance genes. The foreign animal genome does not yet have these experimental materials.

The project team completed the investigation of the species resources of major agricultural animals in China and the collection of DNA samples, and initially identified the origins, domestication, and evolutionary routes of domestic animal pigs, chickens, dogs, and goats. Initially completed the collection of DNA tissue samples of major agricultural animal species across the country and investigation of species resources. A total of 92 pig breeds (67 local breeds, 25 foreign breeds), 37 cattle breeds, 11 were collected in this project. Yak breeds, 18 sheep breeds, and 25 goat breeds. Accumulatively collected 9000 animal samples; sampling involved 22 provinces (except Taiwan Province), 2 municipalities (except Tianjin City and Shanghai City) and 4 autonomous regions (excluding Ningxia ), cumulative travel more than 100,000 kilometers. In addition, 654 domestic dog samples from around the world and 38 Eurasia grey wolf samples were collected.

The exploration of the evolutionary origin and domestication of agricultural animals not only provides an important reference for the protection of species resources in China, but also makes an important contribution to the study of the evolution of life in the world. The related research results have been published in the international journal Science, Animal Genetics. The research entitled “Theories and Techniques for Preservation of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources” won the “Second Prize for National Scientific and Technological Progress”. This is for China and the world. The protection and use of animals have important implications.

Reporter: In terms of heterogeneous cloning, the project team has also made breakthroughs.

Li Ning: Heterogeneous animal embryo reconstitution, ie cloning using the nucleus of one animal's cell and the enucleated egg of another animal. Heterogeneous cloning not only provides a good model for the study of the major theoretical problem of nuclear-mass relationship, but also has great significance for breeding new animal breeds and delaying the extinction of endangered animals. Thirty years ago, under the leadership of Prof. Tong Zizhou, through cooperative research, he successfully obtained a nuclear-transplanted fish, the "nuclear hybrid fish." This is an example of heterologous cloning in vertebrates. There have been no laboratories surpassing this achievement at home and abroad. In this 973 project, the research team of Academician Zhu Zuoyan successfully implemented the heterogeneous clones between the squid and squid. The study of its successful mechanism will influence the further development of heterogeneous clones. On the other hand, mammalian xenogeneic clones are as feasible as lower vertebrates, and the project team also experimented with pandas and black bears.

Reporter: In general, has research achievement been recognized?

Li Ning: After five years of hard work, he has obtained a number of important research results. He has published a total of 634 papers, of which 245 were papers collected by SCI, 1 paper was cited by EI, 2 monographs were published, 9 invention patents were obtained, and 26 patents were applied for. The project won 13 provincial and ministerial awards and published 209 research papers in international academic journals. At the same time, it has trained a group of research talents, including 6 outstanding young and middle-aged experts, 107 doctors, 109 masters, and 14 postdoctoral fellows. Actively participated in international and domestic academic exchanges and cooperation, participated in international academic conference 59 times, domestic academic conference 69 times.

Reporter: What are the next ideas?

Li Ning: The achievement of the results will also promote the development of theories and technologies in other related disciplines. Another of our 973 projects on genetic breeding has begun, this time focusing on two major species, pigs and chickens, which account for 90% of the number of farmed livestock. We have absorbed many young people who have just returned from abroad. They also brought in new ideas. The maturity of animal molecular breeding and cloning theory and technology can make China's animal agriculture develop faster, better and more economically without substantially increasing grain input, and production efficiency is greatly improved. It is hoped that our research will provide high yield, high quality, and efficient development of genetic theories and high technologies for China's animal agriculture in the 21st century.

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